No abstract

No abstract

Two wheel vehicles (scooters and motorcycles) make up 74% of the vehicle population in India. An experimental study has been conducted to assess and compare the particulate emissions from several two wheelers and passenger car in a typical Indian fleet. The vehicles, including four 4-stroke, two 2-stroke two-wheelers, and one gasoline-LPG bi-fuel passenger cars, were tested on a chassis dynamometer using the Indian Driving Cycle. A differential mobility spectrometer was employed to measure the particle size distribution in real-time in the range of 5 nm to 560 nm. Particulate size distributions from the two-wheelers were typically bi-modal. The count median diameter with 4-stroke two wheelers was observed in the range of 26 nm to 48 nm. The number and mass emission factors ranged between 9.5 × 10 12 km −1 to 1.3 × 10 13 km −1 and 0.80 mg/km to 40 mg/km; respectively. In the case of 2-stroke two wheelers, it was observed that not only the count median diameter is 3 times larger compared to 4-strokes, but also 2-stroke vehicles produce 5 times more particles in term of number and about 60 times more particles in terms of mass. The 2-stroke and 4-stroke two wheelers produced particulate emissions (both in terms of number and mass), which were higher than a gasoline and a LPG passenger vehicle operating on the same driving cycle.

No abstract

Models of single throws of overlapped crankshafts have been loaded by free and restrained torsion, radial and tangential forces and bending moments, and by axial tension. Stress distributions in the fillets have been obtained by frozen stress photoelasticity. Some peak stresses have been measured with strain gauges. Results, expressed as multiples of convenient nominal stresses, are compared with predictions from published work. The maximum stresses due to any combination of firing force and free torsion were computed and it is shown how the effects of other loading modes may be included.