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The incidence of renal calculi has been evaluated to be 25% in urogenital tuberculosis patients. The stone could be caused due to the host, the pathogenic organism, or possibly by the treatment. Studies were carried out to find out the efficacy of vitamin E supplementation in reducing the risk of stone formation in renal tuberculosis patients. The study constituted four groups, Group I with 30 normal volunteers, the second group comprised of 36 renal tuberculosis patients (GuTb) a day before treatment. Third group comprised of 24 patients with regular anti tuberculosis drug regimen for sixty days. In the fourth group, 12 patients were treated with anti tuberculosis drug regimen along with supplementation of antioxidant vitamin E (200 mg/day) for sixty days. Hyperuricosuria and hypercalciuria were observed in group II and group III patients, along with increased excretion of oxalate and creatinine, accompanied by decreased excretion of inhibitors such as citrate and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Renal damage was evident with increased leakage of Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-Glutamyl transferase (gamma-GT) in renal tuberculosis patients. From the results of the above study, it is obvious that increased urinary oxalate levels leads to cellular damage in GuTb patients, which is a prerequisite for crystal retention as revealed by the elevated urinary marker enzymes. Antioxidant therapy prevents membrane injury thereby reducing the risk of stone formation. Hence vitamin E supplementation has a salubrious effect in preventing stone forming tendency with routine anti tuberculosis drug regimen.

The spectrum of biopsy-proven glomerular disease was studied from a single center in Northwestern India, among adolescents aged 13–19 years. From January 2009 to December 2012, a total of 177 patients with biopsy-proven glomerular disease were studied. The same pathologist reported all the biopsy specimens after subjecting to light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. The clinical profile and laboratory findings of the patients were correlated with the histopathological spectrum of glomerular diseases. Males formed 71.19% (n = 126) and the remaining 28.81% (n = 51) were females. Lupus nephritis had a strong female predominance, whereas minimal change disease (MCD) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) had a male predominance. Nephrotic syndrome was the indication for biopsy in 65% of the cases. Rapidly progressive renal failure and acute nephritis were the next common indications accounting for 14% and 7%, respectively. FSGS was the most common glomerular disease in adolescents (n = 45, 25.4%). The next common were MCD and lupus nephritis each contributing 21.6% and 10.7%, respectively. Primary glomerular diseases accounted for 84.75% (n = 150) of the total. The remaining 15.25% (n = 27) were attributed to secondary glomerular diseases, of which lupus nephritis was the most common, i.e., in 70.4% patients (n = 19). FSGS was the most common histology in adolescent nephrotic participants (37%). MCD was the next common, found in 31% of nephrotic patients. Electron microscopy changed the diagnosis made by light microscopy and immunofluorescence in 5.6% cases only, and it confirmed the diagnosis in another 21.6%. Kidney biopsy in adolescents is a safe procedure. The spectrum of glomerular diseases in adolescents is different from that seen in adults and smaller children.

Background: Congenital anomalies are important contributors to infant and childhood deaths, chronic illness and disability. The pattern and type of anomaly varies regionally. The planning and the implementation of public health programs for congenital anomalies are dependent on the prevalence data. Adequate data is unavailable in our country. The objective of this study was to study the prevalence of congenital anomalies and the factors influencing them, in Government RSRM lying in hospital, Chennai from January 2016 to February 2017. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in Government RSRM lying-in hospital, a tertiary care neonatal unit, from January 2016 to February 2017. The case records of neonates delivered during the study period were studied to identify those with congenital anomalies. The factors possibly influencing congenital anomalies were studied. Results: The number of case records analyzed was 11242, out of which 157 neonates were reported to have structural congenital anomalies; the prevalence was 1.4%. Congenital heart disease formed the majority, 46.5% (73/157) of congenital anomalies identified. The most common extra-cardiac congenital anomalies noted were cleft lip/cleft palate (15/157) 9.6%, followed by single umbilical artery which was noted in 5.7% (9/157). Down's syndrome was seen in 3.8% (6/157) and neural tube defects in 3.2% (5/157) of the babies with congenital anomalies. Conclusions: The prevalence of commonly occurring congenital anomalies in the study hospital was comparable to the prevalence in other similar studies in India. The prevalence of neural tube defects was lower in our area compared to other countries whereas, that of acyanotic heart diseases were higher than in other studies.