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To analyze whether deep inspiratory breath hold (DIBH) would be dosimetrically beneficial irrespective of radiotherapy planning techniques for patients with left breast cancers requiring adjuvant radiotherapy. Methods: Planning CT scans were taken in free-breathing (FB) as well as deep-inspiration breath hold (DIBH) for patients requiring adjuvant radiotherapy for left breast cancers. After registration, three radiotherapy plans -3D-conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT), intensity modulated RT (IMRT), and volumetric modulated arc-therapy (VMAT) -were generated for both FB and DIBH scans for each patient. The dose-volume parameters were collected from the dose-volume histogram and analyzed. A paired t-test is used for statistical analysis of the parameters. Findings: The study was conducted on thirteen patients. The mean dose of the left lung was reduced with DIBH by 32%, 24%, and 6% (8.6 Gy, 6.6 Gy, and 6.4 Gy) with 3DCRT, IMRT, and VMAT, respectively. The mean heart dose was reduced by 3.3 Gy (2.2 vs 5.5 Gy), 2.2 Gy (7.5 vs 9.7 Gy), and 1.2 Gy (5.8 vs 7 Gy) with 3DCRT, IMRT, and VMAT with DIBH. Similarly, the left anterior descending artery (LAD) mean dose was relatively reduced by 80%, 34%, and 20% when compared with the FB scans for 3DCRT, IMRT, and VMAT respectively, with max dose in the 3DCRT plan. Novelty/Applications: DIBH appears to have maximum benefit in achieving a better sparing of organs-at-risk for patients being considered for 3DCRT, and to a lesser extent with even IMRT and VMAT techniques.

The research activities from past two decades have been vigorously done in the area of alternate fuel for CI engine and still it is on. The rapid industrialization and motorization airs is a serious threat to the draining of petroleum resources. Many investigations and studies revealed that the oils from the vegetable origin can be successfully implemented to the existing CI engines without any major hardware modification and still further research is necessary to find a fuel resource from a waste recovery point of view. In this regard, waste cooking oil/frying can be used as a potential alternative fuel. This paper reviews the production, potential, characterization, engine performance and exhaust emissions of the waste cooking oil biodiesel through the experimental work carried out in various part of the world.

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