Abstract. The Institute of Nephrology of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine was established in 2001. Since then, the Institute has been constantly evolving and, currently, it is a national scientific, methodological and medical center in the field of nephrology. The achievements of the Institute's staff are recognized in Ukraine and the world scientific community. The article presents an analysis of the results of the Institute's activities for 2001-2021.

The Aim of our study was to determine the intra- and interobserver variation of the automated quantitative evaluation if cortical interstitial fibrosis performed on kidney biopsy samples stained with Sirius red compared to conventional approaches. Materials and methods. The range of fibrosis was evaluated on 15 renal biopsies obtained from adult patients with minimal change nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and membranous nephropathy. Different methods of fibrosis measurement were used: the automated quantification of Sirius red stained areas with and without polarization, the computerized quantification of the fibrotic interstitium on trichrome-stained samples and the visual assessment offibrotic tissues using quantitative and semiquantitative approaches on trkhrome and PAMS-stained slides. The intra- and interobserver variation of these methods was performed. Results. The quantitative evaluation of interstitial fibrosis with Sirius red stain under both polarized and unpolarized light demonstrated nearly perfect inter- and intraobserver reproducibility (ICC=0,85-0,99). Whereas, visual methods had relatively high variance between observations (ICC=0,48-0,66). Conclusions. The automated quantification of cortical interstitial fibrosis as performed on renal biopsy samples stained with Sirius red has been shown to be a highly accurate approach that could be used as a routine method of the kidney biopsy evaluation.

Kartagener syndrome - a form ofprima­ry ciliary dyskinesia, which combines situs inversus totalis or only dextrocardia with the defeat of the respiratory sys­tem. The combination of glomerulonephritis with Kartagen­er syndrome is rare, and that was the reason for describing a patient with Kartagener syndrome and focal - segmental glomerulosclerosis observed in clinic.

Purpose of the study. To study the morphological changes of long-functioning kidney transplants and determine the main causes of transplant dysfunction. Materials and methods. A total of 52 recipients aged 20 to 70 years were analyzed retrospectively at different times after transplant surgery (5 to 22 years).Morphological changes in the kidney transplant are comparable according to light microscopy. The morphological changes in the graft were studied in the initial and long-term period. Morphological studies were conducted in monitoring mode. Results. In the early period after transplantation, ischemic injuries, primary graft function, and episodes of acute rejection were taken into account. In the distant period, morphological changes were evaluated in accordance with the recommendations of the Banff-classification.When analyzing long-term results, antigen- dependent (immune) and antigen-independent (visible) factors that affect the renal transplant are distinguished. The main clinical and laboratory indicators of allografts dysfunction are increased creatinine and proteinuria.In antigen-dependent forms (cellular, humoral and mixed rejection), humoral rejection is the most common (25%) allografts dysfunction.Antigen-independent forms of dysfunction (streptococcal infection 25%, inflammatory diseases 19,2%, recurrent pathology 3,8%, signs of cyclosporine nephrotoxicity in combination with other forms was found in 59,2%, nephrosclerosis 65,4%). Conclusions. The data obtained suggest that antigen-dependent (immune) factors, and in particular humoral rejection, are the most common cause of allografts dysfunction, and antigen- independent factors contribute to the progression of chronic rejection and the development of nephrosclerosis. Keywords: renal transplant, antigen-dependent, antigen-independent, dysfunction.

Abstract. The aim of the work was to study toxic properties of the new combined drug which comprise nitrovasodilator molsidomine and adenosine- 5’-triphosphate in a form of coordination compound with histidine, magnesium, and potassium (ATP-LONG). The drug was examined for its acute and subacute toxicity on Balb/c mice and Wistar rats of reproductive age with peroral (p/o) and sublingual (s/l) administrations. It has been established that LD50 of the substance contains over 10000 mg/kg (p/o) and 5010 mg/kg (s/l), which corresponds to the category of Practically non-toxic substances. The repetitive administrations within a 28 day period of the conditionally therapeutic dose of 260 mg/hg (s/l) did not cause any negative impact on physiological, biochemical, histological values in male and female rats. In doses 1300 and 2080 mg/kg, which exceed conditionally therapeutic doses by 5 and 8 times, the combination was not changing clinical laboratory urine and blood values but induced histological changes such as dilation and plethora of capillaries along with edema of smooth muscle cells of the brain, myocardium, liver, spleen, kidneys, and adrenal glands in rats. Additionally, the particular dosages of the combined substance provoked irritation of the mucous membrane of the tongue. Detected effects of the drug do not carry any pathological character and can be viewed as a specific reaction of the organism to high doses of nitrovasodilator. However, the duration and reversibility of unwanted consequences of molsidomine overdose, particularly in its combined form, need further investigation. Keywords: combination of molsidomine and ATP-LONG, acute and subacute toxicity