Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the overall costs incurred to patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and to disclose the elements that could affect them. Methods: Two-year retrospective, observational study using hospital database of a tertiary care center in Mangalore. Outcomes were assessed based on the survival of patients, length of hospital stay, coexistence of risk factors, and comorbidities. Severity was identified through staging of the disease; costs and clinical outcomes assessed through the cost consequence analysis. Results: Of the 156 patients who met the diagnostic criteria, it was noticed that demographic age factor for DN was declining and the minimum duration to develop DN was seen to be as less as 1–5 years. In spite of having ample evidence that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) control the progression of disease, not many doctors were inclined to follow. A study showed that patients of DN with chronic kidney disease (CKD) spent more and patients with CKD and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) spent double than those with CKD alone. Conclusion: Overall costs in treating 156 patients of DN amounted to 10 lakh INR and the major determinant was the cost of investigations, unlike what was expected of the drug prices.

Many fatal diseases have inflammation and fever as clinical symptoms. NSAIDs are the drug of choice for both of these symptoms. But they cause numerous adverse drug reactions including the gastrointestinal, renal and cardiovascular systems. Herbal medicines are known for their efficacy and lack of adverse reactions. So the search for herbal remedies is always on. Terminalia bellirica fruit pulp is used to alleviate a lot of health conditions. Hence this study looked at the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract of Terminalia bellirica fruit pulp in rodents. The carrageenan-induced paw edema model was utilized to test the plant's acute and subacute anti-inflammatory properties. Baker's yeast-induced pyrexia model was utilized to assess the plant's antipyretic activity. Three different groups were administered the extraction (9 mg/kg, 18 mg/kg, and 36 mg/kg). Positive control and negative control for the anti-inflammatory model were Indomethacin (10 mg/kg) and Gum acacia suspension (3 ml/kg of 1 percent) respectively. Positive control and negative control for the anti-pyretic model were Paracetamol 100 mg/kg and 10 ml/kg of 1 percent Gum acacia suspension, respectively. 18 and 36 mg/kg dose of extraction showed substantial minimization of edema (P≤0.01) in tests of acute anti-inflammatory action. 36 mg/kg dose showed substantial minimization of edema in tests of subacute anti-inflammatory action (P≤0.01). The rectal temperature decreased significantly (P≤0.0001) in all experimental groups in Baker's yeast-induced pyrexia tests. Results revealed that the test drug has considerable action against inflammation and pyrexia in rodents.