No abstract

Trace element characteristics of gabbro-monzonite-syenite from the Benom Igneous Complex, Sungai Ruan, Raub show that they are very high in large ion lithophile (LIL) elements. The rocks contain: Ba (2,401-10,744 ppm; mean: 4,590 ppm), Rb (257-434 ppm) and Sr (578-2,340 ppm; mean: 1,000 ppm) which is higher compared to the rocks from other areas. The strong enrichment of these elements (Ba and Sr) is probably related to transfer of enriched (hydrous?) fluids from the mantle into the lower crust and possibly initiated melting to form the rocks besides the possibility of being linked to mantle plumes.

The Benom Igneous Complex is situated in the central part of of this belt forms a pear shaped batholith consists of a variety of igneous rocks ranging in composition from granitic to syenitic to monzonitic and gabbroic. The syenitic, monzonitic, gabbroic are found mainly in the western part of the batholith. The range of SiO 2 for each of the gabbro, syenite and monzonite are 46.5 to 49.1%, 52.9 to 56.9% and 56.6 to 64.7% respectively and characterized by high alkali content, shoshonitic with I type characteristics. They have very high LIL elements, i.e. Ba and Sr are nearly 1000 times rock/mantle. The high Ba and Sr values may results from the penetration of the lower lithosphere by a small volume of mantle material that is enriched in those elements.

Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) will be increasingly utilized for military and domestic purposes in a variety of operations. Unfortunately, the potential these systems afford is marred by a remarkably high accident and incident rate. Pavlas and colleagues (2009) suggested training science is not necessarily integrated into actual UAS training. The purpose of this paper is to propose one approach towards redressing this gap. Specifically, this paper details how the Event-Based Approach to Training (EBAT) can be applied to develop UAS training content and performance measurement tools. Throughout the paper, we outline the steps involved in the EBAT methodology and pare the discussion with exemplars of how UAS training scenario content and performance metrics can be systematically crafted.