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This paper examines responsiveness of consumption of major food items to change in their prices and household per capita income across different farm size groups. The results show significant variation in the food consumption pattern and demand elasticities across farm size groups and also between farm and non-farm households'. The income and price elasticities are low for cereals, pulses, edible oils and vegetables than those of animal products and fruits. Further, we find a better response from non-farm households' to changes in their income and food prices. The results suggest that it is the income effect is more important in the case of non-farm households' and production effect in the case of farm households'. Further, among farm households' the smallholders are more vulnerable to changes in production/income and prices.

This study examined the farmers’ perception, adaptation measures and coping strategies to mitigate climate extremes in Afghanistan using parametric and non-parametric methods. We selected the central agro-climatic zone to conduct farm household’s survey since it has significant climate variability in terms of maximum, minimum temperature and rainfall. Results show that majority of the farmers (>80%) perceived a “high to a very high” degree of climate induced impact on loss of employment, labor scarcity, pest and disease outbreak and decline in groundwater level. The important climate adaptation and coping strategies viz., changing cropping patterns, drilling new bore wells and farm diversification were extensively practiced by the farmers. In the policy side, establishing automatic weather stations, agro advisory services, weather-based crop insurance and climate-smart agricultural practices are the potential policy options to protect farm households from climate extremes.