Ameloblastic fibroma (AF) and related lesions comprise a complex group of mixed odontogenic tumors. Ameloblastic fibrodentinoma (AFD) is a rare tumor and is considered as a histological variant of AF showing inductive changes that lead to the formation of dentin. Although the most common site for this tumor is the posterior mandible, hereby we are reporting a case of AFD in the anterior maxillary region which is a very rare site for this group of tumors. The present case report highlights the clinical, radiological and histological presentation of AFD in order to raise awareness for the earlier diagnosis and precise management of this rare pathological entity.

No abstract

Amniotic Membrane Transplantation is currently being used for a continuously widening spectrum of ophthalmic indications. It has gained widespread attention as an effective method of reconstruction of the ocular surface. Amniotic membrane has a unique combination of properties, including the facilitation of migration of epithelial cells, the reinforcement of basal cellular adhesion and the encouragement of epithelial differentiation. Its ability to modulate stromal scarring and its anti-inflammatory activity has led to its use in the treatment of ocular surface pathology as well as an adjunct to limbal stem cell grafts. Amniotic membrane transplantation has been used for reconstruction of the corneal surface in the setting of persistent epithelial defects, partial limbal stem cell deficiency, bullous keratopathy and corneoscleral ulcers. It has also been used in conjunction with limbal stem cell transplantation for total limbal stem cell deficiency. Amniotic membrane grafts have been effectively used as a conjunctival substitute for reconstruction of conjunctival defects following removal of pterygia, conjunctival lesions and symblephara. More recently, amniotic membrane has been used as a substrate for ex vivo cultivation of limbal, corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. This article reviews the current literature on the applications of amniotic membrane transplantation and its outcome in pterygium surgery.

Autoperimetry is a useful clinical tool for the detection of ocular and neurological pathology. It is an essential investigation for glaucoma management including its initial diagnosis and follow up. This article deals with the basics of autoperimetry, the guidelines and algorithm for interpreting single field analysis with emphasis on follow up strategies in glaucoma. It will be of great help to ophthalmologists as well as the postgraduate students in ophthalmology.

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a recurrent seasonal disease of childhood, characterized by severe bilateral inflammation of the conjunctiva and by giant papillae of the superior tarsal conjunctiva, gelatinous hypertrophy of the limbus, and keratopathy. Clinical and immunohistochemical studies suggest that IgE-dependent (type I allergic) and IgE-independent (type IV allergic) mechanisms are involved in the immunopathogenesis of VKC, in which various inflammatory cells, including different T cell subpopulations play an active role via a cascade of chemical mediators. Endocrine, genetic, neurogenic, environmental and socioeconomic risk factors have been identified. The clinical course of this disease is usually benign and self-limiting, but a minority of patients will face very debilitating and sight threatening complications. The variety of currently available drugs to treat VKC include anti-histamines, mast-cell stabilizers, dual acting agents, corticosteroids and immunomodulators but none is enough to treat all aspects of the multifaceted pathophysiology of VKC. More selective drugs like anti-chemokine receptor antibodies and leukotriene receptor antagonists are under evaluation. Cyclosporine has been shown to be effective in the treatment of VKC but further randomized control trials are required to establish the minimum effective concentration. The purpose of this paper is to describe the clinical expression of VKC, to discuss its pathogenic mechanisms, and to suggest novel therapeutic strategies.