The temperature of alumina barrier layer during a high electric field anodization of aluminum (the current density more than 50[Formula: see text]mA/cm[Formula: see text] has been studied by analyzing the aluminum film resistance. In the case of Joule heat power density to be larger than 20[Formula: see text]W/cm2, the temperature inside the barrier layer can exceed [Formula: see text]C, which leads to the local melting of aluminum. Scanning electron microscopy has shown the location of molten aluminum droplets and their movement during the anodization process.
We have shown that the surface potential of anodic alumina films changes in time: immediately after the anodization process it was positively followed by the substantial decrease to negative values. Such variations of the surface potential can be associated with the negative built-in electric charge in alumina. The highest negative charge density occurs in the films formed in citric and phosphoric electrolytes.
Using an improved heat sink from the barrier layer, the voltage of anodic electrochemical oxidation of aluminum in sulfuric electrolytes is successfully increased from the conventional limit of about 40 to 200 V. This is done by localization of the anodized regions within the windows in the niobium thin film masks with the diameters of 0.3 μm to 2.5 mm. High‐voltage anodization in water solutions of sulfuric acid is observed to be accompanied by a reproducible formation of densely packed alumina nanotubes and intense gas propulsion from the pores of the forming alumina. The latter is proposed and experimentally confirmed for use as an efficient driving agent in micro‐ and nanoengines. Test samples are accelerated to the velocities up to 1 cm s−1, demonstrating a thrust‐to‐weight ratio of about 1000.
Поступила в редакцию 8 февраля 2019 Аннотация. Представлены результаты исследования поверхностного потенциала анодных алюмооксидных пленок и их зарядовых свойств. Показано, что поверхностный потенциал анодных алюмооксидных пленок сразу после окончания анодного процесса имеет положительное значение, но с течением времени этот потенциал уменьшается до нулевого уровня с последующим переходом в область отрицательных значений. Установлено, что отрицательное смещение поверхностного потенциала связано с отрицательным встроенным электрическим зарядом анодного оксида алюминия. Предложен механизм перехода от положительного встроенного электрического заряда к отрицательному внутри анодных оксидов. Установлено, что наибольшая плотность отрицательного заряда наблюдается в пленках, сформированных в электролитах на основе водных растворов лимонной и ортофосфорной кислот. Ключевые слова: анодный оксид алюминия, встроенный электрический заряд, поверхностный потенциал.
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