Aim. The evaluation of animals for the presence of chromosomal anomalies is one of the main tasks of prac- tical selection, aimed at detecting undesired chromosomal anomalies in early age, which may have negative impact on the reproductive and productive capability of cows and lead to considerable economic losses. The aim of the work is a cytogenetic analysis of the chromosome set in cows of Ukrainian Red-and-Motley dairy cattle breed, which will allow assuming a decrease in reproductive functions with chromosomal aberrations. Methods. We examined 53 cows of the Ukrainian Red-and-Motley dairy cattle breed in SE Research Farm Khrystynivske, IABG named after M.V. Zubets, NAAS. The investigation of chromosomal anomalies involved 72-h cultivation of lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of animals using the common methods. During a routine analysis the preparations were stained with 2 % Giemsa staining solution. The induction of G-bands for differential staining of chromosomes was conducted using 0.25 % solution of trypsin. The processing of study results was performed with Microsoft Excel software package. Results. The investigations in the aberration spectrum detected aneuploid and polyploid cells, breaks and fragments of chromosomes, premature chromo- some disjunction in mitosis and translocation. The total number of aberrant cells in cows with decreased fertil- ity was 14.69 ± 0.56 %, the number of aberrations per one investigated cell was 0.144, which was almost twice reliably (Р < 0.999) exceeding the values of similar features for cows which did not have problems with repro- duction. GTG-banding method was used to detect a new RT 13/23 Robertsonian translocation. Conclusions. The cytogenetic analysis of chromosome set of Ukrainian Red-and-Motley dairy breed cows allows assuming the connection between a decrease in the fertility of cows and chromosomal instability. A routine screening of dairy cows allows both evaluating the karyotype saturation with undesired chromosomal aberrations and using the obtained results to forecast the reproductive ability of an animal in the early age.

Modern methods of breeding dogs are based on getting of stable phenotypic uniformity by using close inbreeding or breeding by one line, but such strategy leads to a loss of genetic diversity, and as a result there are genetic defects in breeds which have no external manifestations or manifest in adulthood of dogs and are transmitted from generation to generation. Therefore, to prevent use of dogs with genetic abnormalities in breeding, and to develop standards for a breed and make an accurate pedigree, must carry out the genetic evaluation of animals. One of the modern tools for dogs’ genetic evaluation is DNA-testing using microsatellite loci permitting to match the parental couple effectively, identify (to certify) animals, undertake a comprehensive assessment for heterozygous and homozygous genotypes in populations, permitted for use in the selection process, and illustrate clearly the impact of artificial selection on the genetic characteristics of breeds. The study was conducted in Ukrainian Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products in Department of Molecular Biology Research. For the genetic analysis 42 German Shepherd dogs, used for breeding in kennels of Ukrainian Kennel Union (UKU), were selected. The material for the research was DNA isolated from dogs’ buccal epithelium cells and blood. Genomic DNA was extracted using a standard set of reagents for DNA isolation. Level of theoretically expected heterozygosity (Hexp) varied between 0.385 (PEZ1) to 0.835 (PEZ8). On average theoretically expected heterozygosity with coefficient of 0.657 had not significant advantage over value of actual heterozygosity (0.629), it also shows that the status of the sample of dogs is close to balance. The same is observed in actual and expected heterozygosity for PEZ 6 (0.629) and PEZ 8 (0.657) loci, which also shows the balance. For FHC2010 loci actual heterozygosity is higher than expected, indicating increasing the number of heterozygous individuals. For FHC2054 locus, by contrast, theoretically expected heterozygosity (0.670) dominates the actual (0.429), indicating the lack of heterozygous genotypes in this micropopulation. The value of PIC (polymorphism information content) of the analysed loci ranged from 0.325 to 0.740 with average value 0.574. PEZ6, PEZ8, FHC 2010 and FHC 2054 loci optimally meets their suitability for genetic certification of genotypes because their frequency varies from 0.587 to 0.740. The reduced average index of polymorphism for PEZ1 locus with coefficient of 0.325 confirmed the insufficient level of its polymorphism for full genetic evaluation of the micropopulation of German Shepherd dogs (PIC < 0.500), as confirmed by Chinese researcher J.-H. Ye, according to his data PIC value for PEZ1 locus was 0,320, which correlates with our results. And PIC value for PEZ8 locus was 0.740 in our studies, whereas according to J.-H. Ye – 0,720, which, by contrast, indicates high polymorphism and confirms the effectiveness of its use in genotyping of dogs. Probability of exclusion of accidental allele coincidence (PE), which is 0.675 on average, indicates a lack of the number and informativeness of the selected microsatellite markers for German Shepherd as in this case a combined probability (CPE) of accidental allele coincidence is 0.933886 or 93.3%. The chosen microsatellite loci to study the genetic structure of the German Shepherd dog population, show a sufficiently high informativeness of chosen system of molecular genetic DNA markers. However, there is the need for using additional microsatellite markers which will increase the combined probability of accidental allele coincidence (CPE) from 93.3% to 99.9%. The analysis of heterozygosity is important in studying the dynamics of genetic processes in populations, because heterozygosity has an effect on many factors, including mutations, selection, non-random mating, genetic drift, etc., so continuous monitoring of genetic diversity is required for their timely identification and development of measures to improve breeding work on biodiversity in different dog breeds.

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This article presents the results of studies of karyotypic variability of pigs of two breeds - large white and landrace.The research was carried out in the Department of Animal Genetics and Biotechnology of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics named after M.V. Zubtsia of the National Academy of Sciences. Karyotype analysis was performed on preparations of metaphase chromosomes obtained from peripheral blood lymphocytes according to the generally accepted method. The following cytogenetic indicators were included in the analysis: the frequency of aneuploid and polyploid cells, the frequency of cells with structural aberrations of chromosomes. Statistical processing of experimental data was carried out using Office Excel 2003.A comparative analysis of the karyotypes of two groups of pigs of the Great White and Landrace breeds shows the statistical reliability of the difference between the experimental groups of pigs in terms of the frequency of aberrant cells.The spectrum of numerical violations of the karyotype in all groups is represented by poly- and aneuploid cells. A higher frequency of polyploid cells is observed in pigs of the landrace breed compared to individuals of the large white breed.Almost twice as many aneuploid cells were recorded in landraces than in large white pigs).Analysis of the karyotypes of the studied groups of pigs revealed various chromosomal aberrations - associations and translocations of chromosomes, chromosomal breaks and fragments. Chromosome breaks in both groups of examined pigs occur with the same frequency - almost 3%. In the karyotypes of individual sows, we found two different centric fusions of chromosomes: in sow No. 7659 of the landrace breed, a Robertsonian translocation of rob 15/17, and in sow No. 2817 of the Big White breed, an association of chromosomes 16 and 17. These pigs were diagnosed with a reduced level of reproductive capacity, the cause of which, obviously, is a violation of the separation of chromosomes in meiosis. Among the studied animals, we did not find individuals with reciprocal translocations.In our study, in landraces, the frequency of premature separation of the centromeric regions of chromosomes in mitosis is 35,5% more frequent than in individuals of a large white breed, which indicates an unbalanced genotype of the animals of this studied group and indicates the peculiarities of selection work with them.The analysis of the pedigrees of the sows that were selected in the group for this study confirmed this assumption: the animals were obtained by interbreeding.Almost twice the frequency of polyploid cells confirms their belonging to animals of the meat type of productivity.Therefore, the analysis of polymorphism of karyotypic traits of pigs of the two studied groups of pigs of the Great White and Landrace breeds shows that the cytogenetic parameters of the studied pigs vary in the following range: the frequency of aberrant cells - from 5.11±0.05 to 7.63±0.17; frequency of polyploid cells - from 4.50±1.6 to 7.84±2.6; aneuploid - from 3.0±1.8 to 5.6±2.9; the frequency of chromosome breaks is from 2.8±1.3 to 2.9±1.7. It is obvious that the level of chromosomal instability is dominated by landrace pigs, the reason for which, in our opinion, is the peculiarities of breeding work with this breed.

Інститут розведення і генетики тварин імені М.В.Зубця НААН (Чубинське, Україна) valentynadzitsiuk@gmail.com В статті викладені результати досліджень каріотипової мінливості корів української червоно-рябої молочної породи різного рівня спорідненості. Виявили аномалії геномного типу (анеуплоїдія і поліплоїдія) та структурні аберації хромосом (фрагменти, розриви, асоціації хромосом). Найвищий рівень аберантних клітин зафіксовано у близькоспоріднених тварин. У корів з порушеною відтворювальною здатністю незалежно від ступеня їх інбридингу частота клітин, що мають геномні порушення і структурні аберації, вища, ніж у корів з відтворювальною функцією в нормі. Аналіз генетичної структури популяції за рівнем генетичного ризику показав, що у групі низького генетичного ризику найбільшу частку складають корови без відхилень в репродуктивній системі. Цитогенетичне дослідження корів дозволяє не лише оцінити насиченість небажаними абераціями хромосом дане стадо української червоно-рябої молочної породи, а і дає змогу використати отримані результати для прогнозування у ранньому віці рівня репродуктивної здатності корів. Ключові слова: українська червоно-ряба молочна порода, відтворна здатність, інбридинг, каріотип KARYOTYPE VARIABILITY FOR THE COWS OF UKRAINIAN RED-AND-WHITE DAIRY CATTLE BREED WITH A VARYING DEGREE OF AFFINITY V. V. Dzitsiuk, M. М. Peredriy Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS (Chubynske, Ukraine)The paper describes the results of the research on the karyotype variability for the cows of Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed with a varying degree of affinity. The genomic type anomalies such as Aneuploidy and Polyploidy were discovered, as well as structural chromosome aberrations: fragments, breaks, chromosome associations. The highest level of aberrant cells was spotted for the closely related animals. The cows with disturbed reproductive ability contained genomic disorders and structural aberrations in their cells times more often than the cows with normal reproductive ability, regardless of the degree of their inbreeding. The analysis of genetic structure of the population by level of genetic risk showed the fact that the group with the least genetic risk was represented by the cows without disorders in their reproductive system. The cytogenetic research not only makes it possible to estimate the level of saturation with undesired chromosome aberration inside the given herd of Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed, but also it gives an ability to use the collected results to foresee the reproductive ability for the cows in their youth. Keywords: Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed, reproductive ability, inbreeding, karyotype  © В. В. ДЗІЦЮК, М. М. ПЕРЕДРІЙ, 2017 Розведення і генетика тварин. 2017. Вип. 54 КАРИОТИПИЧЕСКАЯ ИЗМЕНЧИВОСТЬ КОРОВ УКРАИНСКИЙ КРАСНО-ПЕСТРОЙ МОЛОЧНОЙ ПОРОДЫ РАЗНОЙ СТЕПЕНИ РОДСТВА В. В. Дзицюк, Н. Н. Передрий Институт разведения и генетики животных имени М.В.Зубца НААН (Чубинское, Украина) В статье изложены результаты исследований кариотипической изменчив...