No abstract

The radical polymerisation in water of ionogenic monomers of the cationic and anionic type exhibiting surface-active properties is discussed. Together with kinetic phenomena, which can be accounted for within the framework of the hypothesis of a homophase course of the process, effects which require the assumption of the possibility of the association of the monomeric molecules are observed in the polymerisation of monomers with a low surface activity in aqueous solutions. The polymerisation of monomers with a high surface activity in micellar dispersions differs from the processes in solutions by a number of features associated with the influence of structure formation in the monomer on the kinetics of polymerisation and the macrostructure of the polymer formed. The kinetic effects induced by the increasing concentration and microviscosity of the monomer solutions and also by the change in the relative positions of its molecules in the associated species compared with the solution are discussed. Examples of the influence of processes involving the rearrangement of the associated speices on the process kinetics are presented. The possibility, in principle, of the fixation of the structure of the associated species (micelles) as a consequence of polymerisation is noted. The kinetics of the polymerisation process in micellar and vesicular dispersions of two-chain surface-active monomers and also in monolayers at the water-gas interface are discussed. The bibliography includes 118 references. CONTENTS

No abstract

Photo‐ and thermoinitiated radical polymerization of surface‐active monomers with various structures was investigated in solution and in micelles in water. The relationship between kinetics and the structure of monomer associates was represented in the form of a universal curve. A model and kinetic description of polymerization in spherical micelles of monomer was proposed. The problem of micelle fixation by polymerization was solved. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Lake Vostok is the deepest lake of Antarctica but has poor accessibility for study due to a thick glacial cover, however, water samples of this lake have become available for study just recently. Previously, only the microbiome of the ice cover samples was characterized. Here we report results of bacteriological seeding with subsequent identification of the heterotrophic microorganisms (bacteria and micellar fungi) present by 16S rDNA sequencing as well as results of a direct molecular study of the water microbiome. Surprisingly, the data obtained gave evidence of a predominant occurrence of common chemoorganotrophs that were rather psychrotolerant than psychrophilic. We isolated and described strains belonging to eight heterotrophic microbial species able to grow in a rich medium: six bacterial strains belonging to the species Microbacterium testaceum and Microbacterium trichothecenolyticum, Brevundimonas diminuta, Sphingomonas oligophenolica, Sphingomonas sp. and Sphingobium limneticum; and two fungal strains belonging to Dendryphion sp. and Cladosporium fusiforme. Direct study of 16S rDNA purified water samples confirmed the predominance of the Brevundimonas, Microbacterium, Bradyrhizobium, and Bacillus (Bacillus cereus) genera.