We developed the methods for preparation of the following natural and biosynthetic surfactants of different composition based on rapeseed oil: diethanolamides, mono-, diglycerides of fatty acids, their sulfosuccinates and phosphatides. The completeness of chemical transformations and formation of target functional groups were confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. The influence of the addition of natural and biosynthetic surfactants on the low-temperature properties of oil fuels and tribological characteristics of lithium grease is analyzed. The feasibility of using these substances as depressant additives to oil fuels in the amount of 0.25–0.5 wt.% (it was achieved the reduction of the pour point of oil fuel of 7–80C) and as anti-emergency additives to lubricants (the diameter of the wear spot decreased from 0.8 to 0.38 mm when using additives) was experimentally confirmed.