Since the discovery of organic azides by Peter Griess more than 140 years ago, numerous syntheses of these energy-rich molecules have been developed. In more recent times in particular, completely new perspectives have been developed for their use in peptide chemistry, combinatorial chemistry, and heterocyclic synthesis. Organic azides have assumed an important position at the interface between chemistry, biology, medicine, and materials science. In this Review, the fundamental characteristics of azide chemistry and current developments are presented. The focus will be placed on cycloadditions (Huisgen reaction), aza ylide chemistry, and the synthesis of heterocycles. Further reactions such as the aza-Wittig reaction, the Sundberg rearrangement, the Staudinger ligation, the Boyer and Boyer-Aubé rearrangements, the Curtius rearrangement, the Schmidt rearrangement, and the Hemetsberger rearrangement bear witness to the versatility of modern azide chemistry.
Seit der Entdeckung der organischen Azide vor über einhundertvierzig Jahren durch Peter Grieß wurde eine Reihe von Synthesen für diese energiereichen Moleküle entwickelt. In letzter Zeit haben sich völlig neue Perspektiven durch Anwendungen in der Peptidchemie, der kombinatorischen Chemie und der Heterocyclensynthese ergeben. Auf dem interdisziplinären Gebiet zwischen Chemie, Biologie, Medizin und Materialwissenschaften nehmen organische Azide inzwischen einen wichtigen Raum ein. In diesem Aufsatz werden die Grundzüge der Azid‐Chemie dargelegt und aktuelle Entwicklungen auf diesem Gebiet beleuchtet. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf Cycloadditionen (Huisgen‐Reaktion), Aza‐Ylidchemie und der Synthese von Heterocyclen. Weitere Reaktionen wie die Aza‐Wittig‐Reaktion, Sundberg‐Umlagerung, Staudinger‐Ligation, Boyer‐ und Boyer‐Aubé‐Umlagerung, Curtius‐Umlagerung, Schmidt‐Umlagerung sowie die Hemetsberger‐Umlagerung zeugen von der Vielfältigkeit moderner Azid‐Chemie.
Hartwig-Buchwald amination reactions of bromo- and chloroarenes were performed on solid supports with triazene-linked arenes. Immobilized 2-haloarenes were treated with diverse primary amines and anilines at 100 degrees C under palladium catalysis to yield N-substituted 2-aminoarenes. The latter were alternatively formed through reaction of bromo- and chloroarenes with immobilized primary 2-aminobenzenes. Subsequent acidic cleavage furnished 1H-benzotriazoles in high purities. The two described routes allow a broad range of the substitution pattern of N-substituted 1H-benzotriazoles.
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