Background: Menieres Disease (MD) is a chronic, non-life threatening inner ear disease, with attacks of disabling vertigo, progressive hearing loss, and tinnitus as the major symptoms. All three symptoms, separately or in combination, cause great distress and have a considerable impact on the quality of life of the patients. Objective: Aim of this study was to find out whether subjective assessment or objective assessment will be significant towards diagnosis of early Menieres disease and to find out early diagnosis of Menieres disease by comparision between Dizziness Handicapped Inventory (DHI) & Pure tone audiometry. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based retrospective study was carried out at Al Ameen Medical College Hospital, Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. The study population was composed of 93 subjects referred to the audiology department of the ENT Hospital in 01 year period, between May 2021 to April 2022. All 93 subjects underwent the following diagnostic procedures: Collecting detailed clinical history, complete neuro-otological bedside examination and pure-tone audiometry. The inclusion criteria are the presence of complete symptoms compatible with MD (tinnitus, hearing loss and vertigo) associated by documented unilateral sensorineural hearing loss. The exclusion criteria are: incomplete presentation complete presentation associated to conductive, mixed or retrocochlear hearing loss complete presentation, characterized by vertigo syndromes that are not compatible for clinical features and duration for MD. Other clinical exclusion criteria are tympanic perforations, active infections, inflammatory and non-inflammatory stenosis (exostoses, osteomas). Dizziness handicapped inventory was utilized for subjective assessment of Menieres disease whereas Pure tone audiometry was utilized for objective assessment of Menieres disease. In the DHI questionnaire, the patient answered yes, sometimes or no to each question and the strength of the responses were designated with numeric values of 0, 2, and 4. The questionnaire had 25 items, such that the total score ranges from 0 to 100, with a higher score indicating a higher handicap. The relevant data was collected using a pre-tested pro-forma and after collection it was entered in Microsoft Excel to maintain the quality of data. Result:In our study, Forty-five (48.4%) patients were male, 48 (51.6%) were female and the mean age was 48.9±12.1 years. The mean duration of MD was 5.6±4.7 (min: 10 months max: 14 years) years.The means of 0.5-2 kHz air conduction thresholds (dB HL) for unilateral MD in Pathological ear and Healthy ear were 46.8±21.4 and 15.6±13.9, respectively. Speech discrimination scores (%) for unilateral MD in Pathological ear and Healthy ear were 71.5±23.6 and 93.7±6.3, respectively. The mean scores for Physical subscore, Emotional subscore and Functional subscore as per Dizziness Handicap Inventory among the study population was 15.93±8.91, 7.3±4.78 and 16.62±8.85, respectively. The total mean score for all 25 items of DHI was 38.8±19.5. Conclusion: In our study, There was a significant relationship between pure tone audiometry and DHI for some variables. As a part of a clinical follow-up tool for patients with MD, the DHI is a valid, early and reliable health-related, disease-specific QoL scale.

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Background: Increasing prevalence of thyroid dysfunction has been reported in human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. However, there is insufficient evidence to recommend routine thyroid screening of asymptomatic individuals. Hence, this study was undertaken in an attempt to resolve these issues. Objectives of this non-randomized, cross-sectional, single-center study was to study thyroid function in HIV positive patients at various stages of disease. Methods: This single-center study was carried out at Al-Ameen Medical College Hospital and Government District Hospital Bijapur, Karnataka, India from December 2020 to December 2022. The final selected study population included newly diagnosed adult and adolescent (17-60 years) HIV+ patients was composed of 100 participants of either gender. Patients were interviewed and enrolled in the study after examining in detail according to the proforma and then by taking their written consent and explaining the purpose of the study. The thyroid hormone assays (S. TSH, FT3 and FT4) were done by chemiluminescence immuno assay (CLIA) using ADVIA Centaur-equipment. Results: Overall mean age was 36 years (range in years: 17–66 years) and 66 patients (66%) were males. Male: female ratio of 1.94:1 was recorded. In the 50 patients having acquired immuno-deficiency virus (AIDS), FT3 levels ranged from 0.230 to 4.0 picogram/ml with a mean of 2.131+0.9826 picogram/ml. In 50 patients having AIDS, the FT4 levels ranged from 0.30 to 1.90 nanogram/dI with a mean 1.179±0.4484 nanogram/dl. Conclusions: All forms of thyroid dysfunction were observed.

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Background: Thyroid dysfunction has been reported in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. Objective: Objectives of this non-randomized, cross-sectional, single-center study was to study thyroid function in HIV positive patients at various stages of disease and to correlate the results obtained with CD4+ counts. Materials and Methods: This single-center study was carried out at Al-Ameen Medical College Hospital and Government District Hospital Bijapur, Karnataka, India from November 2020 to December 2022. The final selected study population included newly diagnosed adult and adolescent (17-60 years) HIV+ patients was composed of 100 participants of either gender. Patients were interviewed &enrolled in the study after examining in detail according to the proforma and then by taking their written consent and explaining the purpose of the study. The Thyroid hormone assays (S.TSH, FT3 and FT4) were done by Chemiluminescencelmmuno Assay (CLIA) using ADVIA Centaur-equipment.The CD4+ T-cell count was completed using FACS Calibur, Beckton Dickinson, USA27. Results: Overall mean age was 36 years (range in years: 17 – 66 years) and 66 patients (66%) were males.Male:Female ratio of 1.94:1 was recorded. Among 50 cases having CD4+ count <200/pl there were 38(76%) males and 12(24%) females. Among 50 cases having CD4 count >200/pl there were 28(56%) males and 22(44%) females.The CD4+ count ranged from 5 to 773/pl with a mean of 223±190.9/pl. This study observed that abnormalities of thyroid function are more common among patients having CD4+ count <200/pl. Clinically evident hyperthyroidism was not observed in any case.Direct correlation was observed between CD4 count and FT3 and FT4 values and Inverse correlation was observed when CD4+ counts were compared with serum TSH levels. Conclusion: All individuals with CD4 count less than 200 should be screened for hypothyroidism.An inverse correlation was seen between TSH and CD4 count indicating trend for hypothyroidism as HIV disease progress.