Abstract. This study was conducted to evaluate possible alteration in the activity of arginase, an important enzyme of cell proliferation and vascular smooth muscle contraction regulator in diabetics, that may be correlated with low fertility in diabetic patients. In this investigation, 6 apparently healthy adult male dogs were selected and divided in two groups, diabetics and non-diabetics. Diabetes mellitus was induced in one group by intravenous (IV) injection of alloxan (100 mg/kg). Dogs with a fasting blood glucose (FBS) of more than 200 mg/dl were considered to be diabetic. Four weeks following induction of diabetes mellitus, the animals in both groups were anesthetized by an IV injection of sodium thiopental. Livers and whole reproductive systems, including the testes, penis, urethra, and prostate, were dissected. The epididymides, corpus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum, penile urethra, and vas deferens were also dissected and removed from the reproductive system. Arginase activity and total protein were measured by the urea and Lowry's methods respectively in above mentioned sections. Plasma testosterone was determined by the radioimmunoassay method. The results showed significantly (P<0.05) increased arginase specific activity (ASA) in the liver, epididymis, prostate, corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum of the diabetic dogs. In the reproductive system of the diabetic dog, the maximum and minimum ASA was seen in the corpus cavernosum and testes, respectively (105.12 ± 8.76 vs. 25.0 ± 0.55). No such variation was observed in the ASA of normal dogs (39.0 ± 5.47 vs. 25.0 ± 5.47). There was no significant difference in plasma testosterone level between the groups. In conclusion, diabetes increased the ASA in liver, prostate, epididymis, corpora cavernosa, and corpora spongiosum of the male dogs and may contribute to erectile dysfunction or low fertility in diabetics. Key words: Arginase, Diabetes mellitus, Dog, Reproductive system (J. Reprod. Dev. 53: [317][318][319][320][321] 2007) iabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine/ m e t a b o l i c d i s o r d e r w i t h d e v e l o p i n g pathological complications. The major chronic complications associated with diabetes include retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and atherosclerosis in the coronary and peripheral circulation [1]. Lower pregnancy rates have been associated with basic fertility potential in diabetic men, and variations in semen quality have been reported in these patients [2,3]. Semen analysis may reveal decreased sperm motility and density, abnormal morphology, and generally increased seminal plasma abnormalities. In addition, diabetic men may have decreased serum testosterone levels due to impaired Leydig cell function [4] or a decrease in polyamines, which are required for androgen synthesis [5].Insulin can cross the blood-testis barrier, but its level in seminal plasma has not been shown to correlate significantly with semen parameters [6]. Abnormal sperm morphology in diabetic men is

Introduction: The implementation of information technology is an important factor in improving the quality of patient care. Since a hospital is an organization that needs effective management of information, the implementation of information technology is necessary for improving the ef ciency of the services, quality of care, and reducing the costs. Ethical evaluation of hospital information systems is one of the existing gaps in evaluating this technology. Many evaluations have been carried out for information that is more technical and not concerned with ethical issues. Therefore, this study aims to compile a checklist for the evaluation of ethical dimensions of this technology using a systematic review. Methods: We searched international medical databases, such as the U.K. Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, MEDLINE/PubMed, and Cochrane Library; Iranian databases Irandoc, Iranmedex, Medlib, SID, and grayscale websites SInGLE, and Ideas.recp. After selecting the studies based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, two experts in the eld of information technology and ethical evaluation extract ethical issues from the full text of the articles. Results and Dissemination: The results of the study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at relevant conferences, which can be used by policy makers and healthcare decision-makers.

PROTOCOLIntroduction: In recent decades, diabetes has contributed significantly to the burden of disease in developed and developing countries, due to the considerable prevalence and involvement of various age groups in the communities. Today, a variety of ways to manage and control the disease are used, one of which is the use of personal electronic health records. Recently there has been a remarkable upsurge in activity surrounding the adoption of personal electronic health records systems for patients and consumers. personal electronic health records systems are more than just static repositories for patient data; they combine data, knowledge, and software tools, which help patients to become active participants in their own care. The present study was conducted with the goal of Health Technology Assessment the impact of personal electronic health records in Patients with Diabetes. Methods and Analysis: Writing is based on PRISMA standards. This was a Health Technology Assessment study. It aimed to evaluate the technology of personal electronic health record. The scoping review was conducted to evaluate 8 dimensions (Health Problem and Current Use of the Technology, Description and technical characteristics of technology, Safety, Costs and economic evaluation, Ethical analysis, Organizational aspects, Patients and Social aspects, Legal aspects) of Personal electronic health record. This study was based on answering questions which were developed based on Health Diagnostics Technology Assessment Documents Framework and Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Core Model 3.0. A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the Clinical Effectiveness dimension of personal electronic health record in controlling diabetes. In order to gather evidences, Ovid databases, Cochrane Library, PubMed, CRD, Trip database and EMBASE, and Randomized Controlled Trial Registries, such as the Clinical Trial and Trial Registry, were searched using specific keywords and strategies. Articles are evaluated on the basis of the quality criteria of JADAD. The data is analyzed by the STATA software. Dissemination: The results of the study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at relevant conferences. Policy makers and healthcare decision-makers can use these results.

INTRODUCTION: There is increasing evidence that electronic prescribing (ePrescribing) can improve the quality and safety of healthcare services. However, it has also become clear that this implementation is not straightforward and may create unintended or undesired consequences once in use. In this context, the systematic review can provide us with a general overview of the results of the studies and can help us find the truth. This review will aim to identify, appraise and synthesise clinical trial studies on ePrescribing in hospital settings.METHODS AND ANALYSIS:  Data sources will include the following  databases: pubmed, scopus and cochrane library. In addition, other sources will be searched for ongoing studies (ClinicalTrials.gov) and grey literature. Studies will be independently screened for eligibility by 2 reviewers and data extraction is done by 2 people. Articles are evaluated on the basis of the quality criteria of JADAD. The data is analyzed by the STATA software.DISSEMINATION: The results of the study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at relevant conferences. Policy makers and healthcare decision-makers can use these results.

Introduction: Through new and expanding technologies, the development of health information technology in today’s society is indisputable, and the use of this technology has led to the production of various products with a variety of capabilities. One of these products is the Hospital Information System. Regarding the impact of organizational factors on the successful implementation of hospital information systems and the lack of comprehensive criteria for assessing them, the purpose of this study was to determine the criteria of hospital information systems involved in organizational evaluation.Methods: Data sources included the following databases: pubmed, scopus and cochrane library. In addition, other sources were searched for ongoing studies and grey literature. Studies were independently screened for eligibility by 2 reviewers and data extraction was done by 2 people. The language limitations for article wasn’t considered, the reference of the articles that selected, review and related articles were selected. After completing the search, all the articles were entered in to EndNote, and duplicates were deleted. The Prisma protocol was used to report.Results and Dissemination: A specific and precise checklist was being prepared and developed, which is an appropriate guide to assess hospital information system from an organizational dimension in health technology assessment. The results of the study were published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at relevant conferences. Policy makers and healthcare decision-makers can use these results.