Influenza A virus is known worldwide as a threat associated with human and livestock diseases. Hence, identification of physiological and molecular aspects of influenza A could contribute to better design of therapeutic approaches for reducing adverse effects associated with disease caused by this virus. miRNAs are epigenetic regulators playing important roles in many pathological processes that help in progression of influenza A. Besides miRNAs, exosomes have ememrged as other effective players in influenza A pathogenesis. Exosomes exert their effects via targeting their cargos (e.g., DNAs, mRNA, miRNAs and proteins) to recipient cells. Here, we summarized various roles of miRNAs and exosomes in influenza A pathogenesis. Moreover, we highlighted therapeutic applications of miRNAs and exosomes in influenza.

Background: Uropathogenic Escherichia coli is one of the most prevalent infectious agents in humans, but its resistance to commonly used antibiotics is growing rapidly. Objectives: The aim of this cross sectional study was to investigate the prevalence of tetracycline resistance determinants in urinary E. coli isolates obtained from patients in Iran. Methods: A total of 50 E. coli isolates from human urinary infections were characterized by cultural, biochemical, and molecular tests from 2014 to 2015. Isolates were tested for resistance to tetracycline by disc diffusion method. Then, the prevalence of tetracycline efflux genes (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, tetE, tetG, tetH and tetZ) was detected by means of molecular polymerase chain reaction method (PCR). Results: Of the 50 E. coli isolates tested, tetracycline resistance was identified in 62% of the strains. PCR analysis revealed that 36% of these isolates contained tetB gene, followed by tetA determinant with 32% frequency. The prevalence of tetG, tetZ, tetC, tetE, tetH, and tetD were 16%, 14%, 12%, 12%, 11%, and 8% among the isolates. Conclusions: Tetracycline resistance is widespread among uropathogenic E. coli isolates from human infections. Moreover, the distribution of tetracycline resistance determinants among the studied E. coli was very similar to the findings of the international sourced gallery of clinical E. coli Strains.

Among human tumorigenic viruses, the role of Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been proven as one of the most important oncoviruses that are associated with a large number of cancers. Most cancers of the genital area such cervical and anal cancer as are caused by HPV, and in many other cancers, such as colorectal, gastric, liver, esophageal, urinary bladder, and head and neck cancers, it is considered as one of the important risk factors. Our search was conducted for published researches between 2000 and 2022 by using several international databases including Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science as well as Google scholar. We also evaluated additional evidence from relevant published articles. It has been demonstrated that HPV can promote tumorigenesis via focusing on genes, proteins, and signaling pathways, by using E6 and E7 oncoproteins and inhibiting two crucial tumor suppressors, P53 and Rb. The following study was performed to investigate different malignant cancers under the influence of HPV infection and changes in molecular factors caused by HPV infection.

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