PurposeSurgical treatment in Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) can be very challenging even for the strabismus specialists because of a wide spectrum of diversity in clinical manifestations. The purpose of this article is to review these different surgical treatments.MethodsA comprehensive search was performed using PubMed database with the different keywords of “Duane retraction syndrome” and “surgery”. Articles were selected from original English papers published since 2000. The full text of the selected articles was reviewed, and some articles were added based upon the references of the initial articles. We also provided selected case examples about some of these procedures.Results125 articles were found in the initial search of which 37 articles were mostly related to the topic of this review. The number finally increased to 59 articles after considering the relative references of the initial articles. Different surgical methods performed on horizontal and vertical rectus muscles (recession, resection, transposition, Y splitting, periosteal fixation and posterior fixation suture) are reviewed. Careful selection of the surgical technique is important to achieve optimal results.ConclusionWith accurate diagnosis of patients with DRS and proper surgical management, several adverse situations associated with this syndrome (amblyopia, abnormal head posture, upshoot, downshoot, and muscle underaction) can be prevented.

The outbreak of COVID-19 associated rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (CA-ROCM) through the latest waves of the pandemic in several countries gathered attention to this rare fungal infection. This prospective observational study aims to evaluate the demographic and medical profile, clinical signs and symptoms (with a special focus on ophthalmic findings), imaging features, and the outcome of CA-ROCM patients. The collaborative study of COVID-19 Associated Rhino-Orbital-Cerebral Mucormycosis in Iran (CA-ROCM-IR) has been conducted in 8 tertiary referral ophthalmology centers among different provinces of Iran during the fifth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. All patients were subjected to complete history taking and comprehensive ophthalmological examination, and underwent standard accepted treatment strategy based on the disease stage. The present report is the preliminary results of this project study. Two hundred seventy-four CA-ROCM patients, including 150 males (54.7%), who had a mean age of 56.8 ± 12.44 years, were enrolled. Diabetes mellitus was the most prevalent (82.8%) medical disease among the patients. Supplemental oxygen administration and corticosteroid use due to COVID-19 were present in a large proportion of the patients (68.2%, and 73.7% respectively). The most common primary complaints were facial pain (47.4%), facial swelling (38.3%), and nasal discharge (32.5%). Ptosis (58%), periorbital swelling (46%), and nasal congestion (40.5%) were common signs and symptoms among CA-ROCM patients. A majority of the patients (80.3%) were diagnosed at stage 3 or higher of ROCM and the rate of ocular involvement in whom was 92.3%. The most affected paranasal sinus was the ethmoid sinus (75.2%), followed by the maxillary sinus (70.8%). A total of 30 patients (10.9%) had expired before discharge from hospitals. Patients with a history of cigarette smoking (OR = 7.25), ICU admission (OR = 87.36), higher stage of the ROCM (OR = 4.22), receiving endoscopic debridement and transcutaneous retrobulbar amphotericin B (TRAMB) (OR = 4.20), and bilateral ocular involvement (OR = 2.94) had upper odds for death before discharge from hospital. History of taking systemic corticosteroids during COVID-19 was significantly associated with reduced odds of mortality (OR = 0.058, P = 0.006). Also, GEE analysis showed statistically significant higher mean LogMAR visual acuity score among expired patients (3.71, 95% CI: 3.04–4.38) compared to patients who were discharged from hospitals (2.42, 95% CI: 2.16–2.68) (P < 0.001).

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