Pastaruoju metu psichodinaminė paradigma vis daugiau dėmesio kreipia į paauglystės amžiaus tarpsnį, manoma, kad čia vykstantys raidos procesai gali būti labai svarbūs psichopatologijos pasireiškimui. Paauglystėje vyksta itin sparti Ego raida, o Ego yra asmenybės darinys, kuris visų pirma atsako už adaptaciją ir psichinę sveikatą (Hartmann, 1964). Todėl straipsnyje daug dėmesio skiriama normaliai Ego raidai paauglystėje, analizuojant tiek klasikinį požiūrį, tiek naujesnę P. Blos (1962) teoriją, taip pat aptariant šiuo metu atliekamus Ego raidos tyrimus, kuriuos galima suskirstyti į tris dideles grupes: tyrimus, atliekamus remiantis J. Loevinger (1977) teorija, tapatumo jausmo tyrimus ir Ego funkcijų tyrimus įvairių psichikos sutrikimų metu. AN ATTITUDE OF EGO PSYCHOLOGY TOWARDS DEVELOPMENT AND MENTAL DISORDERS OF ADOLESCENTSVaida Kalpokienė SummaryPeriod of adolescence is specific because a very rapid development is going but there is also a period when serious mental disorders begin – schizophrenia, depression, personality disorders, etc. Although many psychological theories study the reasons of psychopathology manifestation in adolescence, yet psychodynamic paradigm which emphasizes a meaning of internal processes towards personality functioning may help to answer a question what are the underlying reasons which encourage the beginning of one or another dysfunction. One of the reasons may be a disturbance of Ego functioning. Hartmann (1964) asserts that Ego is responsible for an adaptation and mental health, its development is very rapid during adolescence (Blos, 1962), so two questions are analysed in this article: normal Ego development and disturbances of Ego functioning during adolescence. We are trying to answer these questions both reviewing classical attitude towards Ego development during adolescence (with reference of S. Freud, A. Freud, H. Hartmann, E. Erikson, P. Blos works) and analyzing empirical researches of late years. P. Blos (1962) gives nearly the most consistent attitude towards developmental processes running during adolescence. By his opinion, the process of individuation-separation repeats itself during adolescence, i.e. adolescent seeks to separate from his/her parents and to create his/her own feeling of identity. Oscillation of regress and progress is typical characteristic of Ego development, but psychopathology shows off when regress of Ego towards early developmental fixations is very pronounced and subsequent development comes to a dead lock (Blos, 1967).Current researches of adolescents’ Ego can be divided into three big groups: normal Ego development is investigated on J. Loevinger’s (1977) Ego development theory basis, where she distinguishes several separates stages of Ego development based on both the theoretical concepts of psychodynamic paradigm and ideas of other psychology trends (for example, humanistic psychology). The second group of researches analyses the development of identity feeling during adolescence based on theory of E. Erikson. Results of researches demonstrate that development of identity feeling goes on both during early adolescence and after adolescence is over and different aspects of identity feeling develop during different developmental periods. The third group of researches includes Ego function researches of separate mental disorders cases. Probably mostly investigatable are adolescents with borderline personality and behavioural disorders. It is established that disturbance of Ego functions is unequal in cases of different mental disorders, besides disturbance of Ego functions is related to disturbance of identity feeling, for example there is a very close relation between disturbance of identity feeling and disturbance of thought processes. If psychodynamic paradigm gives us some insights about the significance of Ego on mental disorders manifestation during adolescence but still there is a lack of empirical researches which might more clearly define development of separate Ego functions during adolescence, relation between Ego and identity feeling, the disturbance of Ego functioning in cases of mental disorders, etc.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos elgesio sutrikimų turinčių paauglių Ego funkcijos (ryšiai su objektais, impulsų ir afektų kontrolė, gynybinis bei sintetinis integracinis funkcionavimas) ir jų ryšys su įveikos strategijomis. Tyrime dalyvavo 38 turintys elgesio sutrikimų ir 35 sveiki paaugliai. Elgesio sutrikimų turinčių tiriamųjų Ego funkcijos tarpusavyje yra mažai susijusios (gauta koreliacija tarp ryšių su objektais ir sintetinio integracinio funkcionavimo, r = 0,39), sveikų tiriamųjų visos Ego funkcijos yra susijusios. Elgesio sutrikimų turintys paaugliai dažniau naudoja mažiau adaptyvią įveiką. Tiek turinčių elgesio sutrikimų, tiek sveikų paauglių gynybinis funkcionavimas yra susijęs su įveikos būdais. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: elgesio sutrikimai, paaugliai, Ego funkcijos, įveikos strategijos.EGO FUNCTIONS AND THEIR CONNECTIONS WITH COPING STRATEGIES IN ADOLESCENTS WITH CONDUCT DISORDERSVaida Kalpokienë, Graþina Gudaitë Summary Ego is one of fundamental formation of personality, which secures inner and outer adaptation. Its role must be very strong in adolescence when person must adjust with various inner and outer demands. Adaptation of adolescents with conduct disorders is largely dysfunctional, that’s why we raise question about suchlike teenager’s Ego functions and their interconnection with coping strategies (which determines adaptation to external requirements).38 adolescents with conduct disorders and 35 healthy adolescents participated in this research. Age of participants was from 14 to 16 years. Teenagers for the research were screened by using Youth Self Report Questionnaire (YSR11/18) (Achenbach and Rescorla, 2001). Ego functions (relations with objects, control of affects and impulses, defensive functioning, synthetic – integrative functioning) were evaluated using clinical interview for the assessment of Ego functions (Bellak et al., 1973). Coping strategies were evaluated with COPE questionnaire (Carver et al., 1989).The research data showed that Ego functions of teenagers with conduct disorders are more disturbed than Ego functions of healthy ones (p < 0.01), especially this is noticeable on the control of affects and impulses. Only two Ego functions of adolescents with conduct disorder are statistically correlated: object relations and synthetic-integrative functioning; while all Ego functions of healthy adolescents have statistically significant correlations. However after the comparison of correlative matrixes we found no statistically significant differences between those matrixes (χ2 = 10.1794, df = 6, p = 0.1173).Adolescents with conduct disorders are applying two less adaptive coping strategies regularly: behavioral disengagement (p = 0.001) and alcohol – drug disengagement (p < 0.001). Also they are using one emotion-focused coping strategy denial (p < 0.05). Healthy adolescents are applying two problem-focused coping strategies regularly: active coping (p < 0.05) and restraint coping (p < 0.05). They also are using emotion-focused coping strategy positive reinterpretation and growth (p < 0.05). Ailing teenagers are using less adaptive coping strategies more often (p < 0.05).The research showed, that coping strategies (problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping and less adaptive coping) are related with one of Ego functions-defensive functioning (teenagers with conduct disorders R = 0.619, R² = 0.383, p = 0.001; healthy adolescents R = 0.605, R² = 0.366, p = 0.002). This once more shows us that these psychological processes are closely related to each other and that adaptation needs interaction between conscious and unconscious processes. Key words: conduct disorders, adolescents, Ego functions, coping strategies.

Santrauka. Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas kognityvinės-elgesio korekcinės programos EQUIP poveikis Lietuvos vaikų socializacijos centrų auklėtinių kognityviniams iškraipymams, socialiniams įgūdžiams ir probleminiam elgesiui. Atliktas kiekybinis tyrimas, kuriame dalyvavo 124 11-17 m. amžiaus VSc auklėtiniai (74 vaikinai ir 50 merginų). Tyrimo metu buvo lyginami EQUIP ir Palyginamosios grupės duomenys prieš ir po EQUIP programos vykdymo, naudotas mąstymo klaidų klausimynas HIT, socialinių įgūdžių vertinimo metodika bei demografinė anketa. Atlikto tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė reikšmingus EQUIP programoje dalyvavusių VSc auklėtinių mąstymo klaidų, elgesio problemų ir socialinių įgūdžių pokyčius, tuo tarpu VSc auklėtinių, nedalyvavusių korekcinėje programoje, kintamųjų pokyčių nenustatyta arba jie nėra statistiškai reikšmingi. Analizė patvirtino, kad EQUIP programos dalyvių amžius bei programos vykdymo intensyvumas yra svarbios sąlygos siekiant didesnio EQUIP programos poveikio.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: kognityvinė-elgesio korekcinė programa EQUIP, vaikų socia lizacijos centras, mąstymo klaidos, socialiniai įgūdžiai, probleminis elgesys. ĮVADAS netylant diskusijoms, kaip organizuoti pagalbą delinkventiškiems paaugliams, kad nepageidaujamas jų elgesys mažėtų, o jaunuoliai galėtų įsilieti į visuomenę bei kurti tolesnį gyvenimą nežalodami savęs ir kitų, labai svarbu

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