Despite being a common disease in humans,little is known about the etiopathogenesis of and effective therapeutic approaches to chronic pancreatitis, due mainly to the fact that few simple animal models suitable to study inflammatory and fibrogenetic processes have been described in the pancreas. 'l'rinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (I'NBS) induces chronic colitis and cholangitis in the rat. We hypothesized that TNBS instillation into the pancreatic ducts could also result in the development of a chronic pancreatic disease. The biliopancreatic duct of rats was cannulated and tied close to the liver. TNBS 10.4 ml of 2% 'I'NBS in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-10% ethanol, pH 81 was infused into the pancreas under a continuous controlled-pressure system. Control rats underwent the same procedure using vehicle only. Pathology assessment of TNBS-treated rats examined at 48 h was consistent with severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis, having a mortality rate of 3 1% and serum amylase activity of 37.4 * 8.8 U/ml at 24 h and 13.3 i 1.7 Uiml at 48 h ( p < 0.01 for both time points compared to PBSiethanoltreated rats). Groups of 10 rats each were killed at 3, 4, and 6 weeks after the surgical procedure. Morphological examination revealed changes mimicking features of chronic pancreatitis in humans in 80%) (32 of 40) of TNBStreated rats, consisting in various degrees of periductal and lobular fibrosis, duct stenosis, patchy acute and chronic inflammatory cell infiltrates, and signs of gland atrophy. Animals developing chronic disease had a weight gain rate significantly lower than that of control rats. Serum amylase, fasting glucose, and a glucose tolerance test were not different in diseased o r control rats. In conclusion, we were able to induce chronic fibrogenetic inflammatory disease in the pancreas after a single pulse instillation of TNBS into the pancreatic ducts. This might be a useful animal model to study the pathophysiology of inflammatory, fibrogenetic, and reparative processes in pancreatic tissue.

Active smokers developed MC more than a decade before nonsmokers. Age at diagnosis, but not smoking, was an independent risk factor of relapse in patients with CC.

Background and Aims There is controversy about the length of low‐residue diet (LRD) for colonoscopy preparation. The aim of the study was to compare one‐day vs. three‐day LRD associated to standard laxative treatment for achieving an adequate colonoscopy preparation in average risk subjects with positive fecal immunochemical test undergoing screening colonoscopy. Methods A non‐inferiority, randomized, controlled, parallel‐group clinical trial was performed in the setting of average risk colorectal cancer screening program. Participants were randomized to receive 1‐day vs. 3‐day LRD in addition to standard polyethilenglicol treatment. Adequacy of preparation was evaluated using the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS). Primary outcome was achieving a BBPS ≥ 2 in all colon segments. Analysis was performed for a non‐inferiority margin of 5%, a 95% statistical power and one‐sided 0.05 significance level. Results A total of 855 patients were randomized. Adequate bowel preparation was similar between groups: 97.9% of patients in the 1‐day LRD group vs 96.9% in the 3‐day LRD group achieved the primary outcome (P‐value for non‐inferiority < 0.001). The percentage of patients with BBPS scores ≥ 8 was superior in the 1‐day LRD group (254 vs 221 in the 3‐day LRD group, P = 0.032). The 1‐day regimen was better tolerated than the 3‐day diet. 47.7% (vs 28.7%, P < 0.05) of patients rated the 1‐day LRD as very easy to follow. Conclusion The 1‐day LRD is non‐inferior to 3‐day LRD for achieving an adequate colon cleansing before average risk screening colonoscopy and it is better tolerated.