With the properties of laterites being related to the nature of the rock from which they are derived, twenty vertical electrical surveys and twenty boreholes for geotechnical tests, distributed in two units (plutonic and green belt zones) of the Ntem complex located at the northern limit of the Congo Craton, were implemented to study the formation process of the laterites of this geological structure. The inversion of the geoelectrical data in the plutonic area resulted in three lateritic layers with resistivities of 1090 Ω·m, 1302 Ω·m, and 1122 Ω·m, with induration and leaching indices of 28.9% and 72.56%. In the green belt zone, three lateritic layers were also identified with resistivities of 1080 Ω·m, 943 Ω·m, and 1158 Ω·m, with induration and leaching indices of 28.8% and 72.55%. The similarities of the geomechanical parameters (induration and lixiviation indices) show that these soils experienced similar weathering patterns during the same geological period, confirmed by CBR values, corresponding to PF3 platforms that can be used in road works. However, the average resistivity values in the different geological units (1171.77 Ω·m and 1061.16 Ω·m in plutonic and green belt areas) reflect the observed differences in resistivity values of the bedrock alterations (3413.51 Ω·m and 1569.32 Ω·m in plutonic and green belt areas), showing that these laterites are derived from different bedrock weathering. In addition, the average permeability values obtained in the plutonic zone ( k = 6.24 E − 05  cm/s) and in the green belt zone ( k = 5.82 E − 05  cm/s) confirm this difference. The reduction in the difference between the resistivities of the laterites compared to the difference observed in the bedrock of the two units highlights the leaching process over a long geological period.

In this work, the crustal structure study of Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo-Léré sedimentary basins was carried out through the interpretation of gravity data. These data were obtained by combining to the terrestrial gravity data those obtained from EGM2008 model. The Analysis of the terrestrial Bouguer anomaly maps revealed negative and positive anomalies. Negative anomalies would be the signature of sedimentary basins while positive anomalies would be attributed to basaltic rocks under granitic environment. To isolate anomalies due to deep structures from those due to near surface structures, we used the empirical method. This method testifies that the residual map of order 4 is an appropriate one. In order to conduct the quantitative interpretation of the combined gravity data, six profiles were drawn on the residual Bouguer anomaly map and therefore were interpreted using spectral analysis and 2.5D modeling methods. The results indicate that the mean depths of mass sources near surface of Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo-Léré sedimentary basins were 1.50km and 1.55km respectively. Moreover, Babouri-Figuil is constituted of two formations of different density contrast while Mayo Oulo-Léré shows three formations. These models helped us to clarify the geological structure of the study area. The results of the present study allow greater understanding the sedimentary basin thickness.

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