This work is part of the program Investissements d'Avenir, overseen by the French National Research Agency, ANR-10-LABX-0083, (Labex EFL) and of my IUF project. I am thankful to Coleman Donaldson who has checked my English. 2 73 languages, according to the current edition of the Ethnologue, http://www. ethnologue.com/subgroups/niger-congo. However, this figure should be modified in the view of some recent findings. On the other hand, certain varieties mentioned in the Ethnologue as separate languages should in fact be regarded as dialects of some other languages.

Propositions pour l'orthographe du bamanankan Mandenkan, 52 | 2014 10 Les sept voyelles longues sont désignées par des lettres doubles. Voici quelques exemples de paires minimales (ou quasi-minimales) qui ne se distinguent que par la longueur vocalique :

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