BackgroundThe “fitness” of an infectious pathogen is defined as the ability of the pathogen to survive, reproduce, be transmitted, and cause disease. The fitness of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) relative to drug-susceptible tuberculosis is cited as one of the most important determinants of MDRTB spread and epidemic size. To estimate the relative fitness of drug-resistant tuberculosis cases, we compared the incidence of tuberculosis disease among the household contacts of MDRTB index patients to that among the contacts of drug-susceptible index patients.Methods and FindingsThis 3-y (2010–2013) prospective cohort household follow-up study in South Lima and Callao, Peru, measured the incidence of tuberculosis disease among 1,055 household contacts of 213 MDRTB index cases and 2,362 household contacts of 487 drug-susceptible index cases.A total of 35/1,055 (3.3%) household contacts of 213 MDRTB index cases developed tuberculosis disease, while 114/2,362 (4.8%) household contacts of 487 drug-susceptible index patients developed tuberculosis disease. The total follow-up time for drug-susceptible tuberculosis contacts was 2,620 person-years, while the total follow-up time for MDRTB contacts was 1,425 person-years. Using multivariate Cox regression to adjust for confounding variables including contact HIV status, contact age, socio-economic status, and index case sputum smear grade, the hazard ratio for tuberculosis disease among MDRTB household contacts was found to be half that for drug-susceptible contacts (hazard ratio 0.56, 95% CI 0.34–0.90, p = 0.017). The inference of transmission in this study was limited by the lack of genotyping data for household contacts. Capturing incident disease only among household contacts may also limit the extrapolation of these findings to the community setting.ConclusionsThe low relative fitness of MDRTB estimated by this study improves the chances of controlling drug-resistant tuberculosis. However, fitter multidrug-resistant strains that emerge over time may make this increasingly difficult.
La tuberculosis (TB) es la primera causa de muerte por un agente infeccioso en el mundo, la incidencia en la población viene disminuyendo muy lentamente y la resistencia a los medicamentos es actualmente considerada como una crisis internacional. En el Perú, la reciente Ley de Prevención y Control de la TB en el Perú (Ley 30287), declara de interés nacional la lucha contra la TB. En los últimos años, la Estrategia Sanitaria Nacional de Prevención y Control de la Tuberculosis (ESNPCT) del Ministerio de Salud (MINSA), ha obtenido avances significativos en el control de esta enfermedad; sin embargo, aún persisten desafíos que deben ser abordados. El presente artículo revisa la situación epidemiológica de la TB en el Perú, sistematiza los avances logrados durante la gestión del equipo de la ESNPCT entre los años 2011 y 2015 desde el abordaje biomédico, de gestión pública y en las determinantes sociales de la salud, además, plantea desafíos para lograr el control de la TB, en el marco de la Ley 30287 y la estrategia "Fin de la TB" de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Palabras clave: Tuberculosis; Epidemiología; Administración de los Servicios de Salud; Salud Pública; Perú (Fuente: DeCS BIREME). TUBERCULOSIS IN PERU: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SITUATION, PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES FOR ITS CONTROL ABSTRACTTuberculosis (TB) is the first cause of death by an infectious agent in the world, the incidence in the population is declining very slowly and drug resistance is currently considered an international crisis. In Peru, the recent TB Prevention and Control Act in Peru (Law 30287) declares the fight against TB of national interest. In recent years, the Ministry of Health's (MINSA) National Health Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis (ESNPCT) has achieved significant progress in the control of this disease; however, challenges still remain to be addressed. This article reviews the epidemiological situation of TB in Peru, systematizes the progress achieved during the management of the ESNPCT team between the years 2011 and 2015 from the biomedical approach, public management and social determinants of health, also posing challenges to achieving TB control under law 30287 and the "End of TB" strategy of the World Health Organization (WHO).
BackgroundThe comparison of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterial genotypes with phenotypic, demographic, geospatial and clinical data improves our understanding of how strain lineage influences the development of drug-resistance and the spread of tuberculosis.MethodsTo investigate the association of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterial genotype with drug-resistance. Drug susceptibility testing together with genotyping using both 15-loci MIRU-typing and spoligotyping, was performed on 2,139 culture positive isolates, each from a different patient in Lima, Peru. Demographic, geospatial and socio-economic data were collected using questionnaires, global positioning equipment and the latest national census.ResultsThe Latin American Mediterranean (LAM) clade (OR 2.4, p<0.001) was significantly associated with drug-resistance and alone accounted for more than half of all drug resistance in the region. Previously treated patients, prisoners and genetically clustered cases were also significantly associated with drug-resistance (OR's 2.5, 2.4 and 1.8, p<0.001, p<0.05, p<0.001 respectively).ConclusionsTuberculosis disease caused by the LAM clade was more likely to be drug resistant independent of important clinical, genetic and socio-economic confounding factors. Explanations for this include; the preferential co-evolution of LAM strains in a Latin American population, a LAM strain bacterial genetic background that favors drug-resistance or the "founder effect" from pre-existing LAM strains disproportionately exposed to drugs.
Objetivo. Elaborar esquemas de tratamiento para tuberculosis de acuerdo con sus perfiles de susceptibilidad a isoniacida (H) y rifampicina (R). Materiales y métodos. Un total de 12 311 aislamientos de M. tuberculosis (Instituto Nacional de Salud, 2007-2009 se clasificaron en cuatro grupos de acuerdo con su susceptibilidad a H y R. En cada grupo se analizó la sensibilidad a etambutol (E), pirazinamida (Z), estreptomicina (S), kanamicina (Km), capreomicina (Cm), ciprofloxacina (Cfx), etionamida (Eto), cicloserina (Cs) y ácido p-amino salicílico (PAS). En base a los perfiles de resistencia, principios de terapéutica de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y costos en el país, se elaboraron los esquemas más adecuados para cada grupo. Se definió la eficacia potencial (EP) como la proporción de cepas sensibles a tres o cuatro drogas del esquema evaluado. Resultados. Los esquemas con el menor costo y la mayor EP a tres y cuatro drogas para tuberculosis sensible a H y R fueron: HRZ (EP=99,5%), HREZ (EP=99,1%); REZCfx (EP=98,9%) y para tuberculosis resistente a H: REZCfxKm (EP=97,7%). Para tuberculosis resistente a R: HEZCfx (EP=96,8%) y HEZCfxKm (EP=95,4%); el esquema con mejor eficacia potencial para tuberculosis multidrogorresistente fue EZCfxKmEtoCs (EP=82,9%). Conclusión. Basados en la resistencia a H y R se han elaborado y seleccionado esquemas de tratamiento con la más alta probabilidad de eficacia. Esta propuesta es una alternativa viable para hacer frente a la tuberculosis en Perú donde el acceso a pruebas de sensibilidad rápida a H y R se viene expandiendo.
La habilidad numérica se desarrolla en los primeros años de edad y está en la base del aprendizaje de la matemática posterior, así como del éxito académico y laboral en edad adulta. Este artículo tiene por objetivo revisar la última evidencia empírica, a partir de recientes estudios con enfoques conductuales en cognición numérica, centrada en el desarrollo de las habilidades numéricas tempranas. Para ello, se revisan los principales hitos del desarrollo numérico en relación con la adquisición de la aritmética posterior, teniendo en cuenta las influencias intrínsecas y extrínsecas al individuo durante los primeros años de edad. Se revisan, además, las principales controversias que se mantienen actualmente en discusión en la disciplina.
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