No abstract

The subject of this research is the history of relations between Prishvin and Kalinin – a prominent revolutionary and party leader of the Soviet era, who was the head of the state for many years after the October Revolution. The author observes that the biographical material about communication of Prishvin and Kalinin contained in the works of the writer and the memoirs of their contemporaries is sufficiently studied, while his diary notes that significantly change the representations on the true nature of their relationship are yet to be researched. The article employs the method of historical reconstruction of the ideological-political context of the Soviet society, which gives a better outlook on the peculiarities of the writer’s attitude towards the political activity of Kalinin. The novelty of this research consists in introduction into the scientific discourse of the new facts from the 18-volume Prishvin’s Diary (1991-2017), which was published only in the post-Soviet period. This revealed new facts and aspects of his relations with the state leaders during the Communist Era. Using the specific examples of communication of Prishvin and Kalinin, the author demonstrates that the role of the latter in addressing the important state problems was quite limited, which was predetermined by the country’s governing principles , i.e. the decision-making monopoly belonged to the highest political leadership of the ruling party represented by Stalin.

The article presents the biography facts of a prominent Russian teacher, literary theorist and original writer of the second half of the XIX century, Andrey Grigorievich Filonov (1831–1908). His main methodological views, especially in the field of teaching Russian literature, are revealed. The analysis of a number of textbooks and methodological works of the teacher is carried out. It is stated that the works by A.G. Filonov retain their relevance at the present and need further study.

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the subject of the article is the question of the influence of L. D. Trotsky [Bronstein], who was one of the key leaders of Bolshevism, who headed the October Revolution, on the worldview and creativity of M. M. Prishvin, which has not yet been considered in the European studies. It is shown that in Russian art it is difficult to find an artist of the word, whose work would be to the same extent conditioned by the influence of the ideological and political context. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time an attempt was made to show how, through individual characters in his works, Prishvin in an artistic and figurative form reflected the characteristic features of behavior, everyday habits, the style of thinking and speech of Trotsky. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of previously unpublished due to censorship restrictions of the writer’s works: the story “The World Cup”, journalism of the revolutionary years and the 18-volume Diary, which became available to the reader only in the post-Soviet period. It is shown that, depicting Trotsky as a “pharmacist” who, according to his recipes, is trying to create the future of a huge country, Prishvin seeks not only to artistically reflect his moral appearance and personality traits, but also to convey the features of the ideological and political struggle in Soviet society.

The subject of this article is the analysis of the history of relations between M. M. Prishvin and N. A. Semashko since gymnasium childhood until the last days of life. It is demonstrated that if the biographical material on enduring friendship between Prishvin and Semashko, contained in reminiscences of their contemporaries and works of the writer himself, is given considerable attention, then his diary notes, which significantly transform the representations on true nature of their relations, have not yet become the subject of research. The article employs the method of historical reconstruction of ideological-political context of life of the Soviet society, which gives a better perspective on the peculiarities of artistic interpretation by M. M. Prishvin of the party and state activity of N. A. Semashko. The novelty of this article consists in introduction into the scientific discourse of the new facts from Prishvin’s Diary that consisted of 18 volumes and was published only in post-Soviet time  (1991-2017), which is a testimony that his relations with the People's Commissar of Public Health N, A, Semashko were often tainted with irreconcilable ideological and worldview discrepancies. It is no coincidence that in his autobiographical novel “The Chain of Kashchei”, Prishvin portrayed Semashko not only as an ideological supporter of Leninism, but also a nihilist-Nietzschean Yefim Nesgovorov. Morveover, the history of relations with Semashko sheds light on the reasons of Prishvin's disappointment with the revolutionary ideology of Bolshevism.