Oral rehydration solutions (ORSs) is the key treatment of acute diarrhea in children, as it restores the electrolyte balance by stimulating the intestinal sodium/glucose transporter SGLT1 to induce fluid absorption. The World Health Organization (WHO) and The European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) proposed ORSs with different chemical compositions. The main agent of childhood acute gastroenteritis is rotavirus (RV). We evaluate the effects of ORS with different concentration of glucose and sodium on RV induced secretion. Ussing chambers technique was used for electophysiology experiments to evaluate ion fluid flux. ESPGHAN ORS (sodium 60 mmol/L and glucose 111 mmol/L) induced a more potent proabsorptive effect in Caco-2 cells than WHO ORS, and this effect depended on the sodium/glucose ratio. Titration experiments showed that RV-induced fluid secretion can be reverted to a proabsorptive direction when sodium and glucose concentration fall in specific ranges, specifically 45–60 mEq/L and 80–110 mM respectively. The results were confirmed by testing commercial ORSs. These findings indicated that ORS proabsorptive potency depends on sodium and glucose concentrations. Optimal ORS composition should be tailored to reduce RV-induced ion secretion by also considering palatability. These in vitro data should be confirmed by clinical trials.
There is no effective alternative to surgery in the treatment of the symptomatic cases of chiari malformation. Nonetheless, in literature there is no unanimous consensus about what is the surgical "gold standard" and which are the candidates for surgery. No doubt that intracranial hypertension and ventricular dilatation have to be investigated and treated before considering decompression. It is also very important to keep in mind that a surgery does not guarantee a complete recovery from every symptoms. We report our experience about who are the candidates for surgery, which is the most appropriate surgical technique and when is the correct time for surgery along the natural history of the disease.
This work uses a new programme for producing 3D radiological images acquired by means of CT which enables the internal surfaces of the examined structures to be visualized. This new method, which is able to navigate inside organs in a similar way to fibreoptic endoscopy, is known as virtual endoscopy. CT examinations of the temporal bone were carried out using spiral equipment and endoscopic 3D processing was carried out on a separate workstation equipped with a volume-rendering programme. Once the technical parameters necessary for obtaining a representation of the internal surfaces had been defined, a simulation of a virtual otoscopy was conducted by moving the virtual endoscope from the external auditory canal through the annulus to the tympanic cavity. The simulation can be obtained either by moving the endoscope by hand, using the mouse, or by defining a path along which the software automatically creates an endoscopic 3D reconstruction. The images thus obtained are projected sequentially to give a "movie" effect, i.e. a continuous progression of the endoscope. The average time required to conduct the procedure ranges from 20 to 30 min. A virtual endoscopic visualization of the middle ear was obtained which, in particular, generated images of the tympanic cavity with the ossicular chain. In our experience, virtual otoscopy shows the anatomy of the structures of the tympanic cavity in excellent detail and may be considered complementary to CT, providing useful images enabling better visual representation and understanding of this complex structure. Although clinical applications of the technique remain to be defined it may have a role to play in presurgical diagnostic evaluation of the ossicular chain, epitympanum and retrotympanum.
SARS-CoV-2 enters the intestine by the spike protein binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in enterocyte apical membranes, leading to diarrhea in some patients. Early treatment of COVID-19-associated diarrhea could relieve symptoms and limit viral spread within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Diosmectite, an aluminomagnesium silicate adsorbent clay with antidiarrheal effects, is recommended in some COVID-19 management protocols. In rotavirus models, diosmectite prevents pathogenic effects by binding the virus and its enterotoxin. We tested the trapping and anti-inflammatory properties of diosmectite in a SARS-CoV-2 model. Trapping effects were tested in Caco-2 cells using spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) and heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 preparations. Trapping was assessed by immunofluorescence, alone or in the presence of cells. The effect of diosmectite on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation and CXCL10 secretion induced by the spike protein RBD and heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed by Western blot and ELISA, respectively. Diosmectite bound the spike protein RBD and SARS-CoV-2 preparation, and inhibited interaction of the spike protein RBD with ACE2 receptors on the Caco-2 cell surface. Diosmectite exposure also inhibited NF-kappaB activation and CXCL10 secretion. These data provide direct evidence that diosmectite can bind SARS-CoV-2 components and inhibit downstream inflammation, supporting a mechanistic rationale for consideration of diosmectite as a management option for COVID-19-associated diarrhea.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.