Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) or CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has spread throughout the world and becomes a global pandemic. Various studies are still ongoing to be able to understand this viral infection in terms of symptomatology, transmission, pathogenesis, its treatment, and prevention. In addition to respiratory symptoms that are commonly reported in SARS-CoV-2 infections, there are many reports of symptoms appearing in other organ systems with one of them being neurological manifestation. The neurological manifestations involve not only the central and peripheral nervous systems but also there was also a suspicion that the potential invasion of SARS-CoV-2 in the nervous system might be able to take part in the occurrence of respiratory failure that is found in patients with COVID-19. The continuity of the study and the awareness of medical personnel from various fields of science must be increased to fight against the COVID-19 pandemic and ensuring optimal treatment for patients.

Introduction. Female sex is considered a risk factor for dementia. A limited number of studies have studied the role of gender differences on the cognitive function of type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) patients with varying results. This study aims to determine the impact of gender differences on the cognitive impairment (CI) risk in type 2 DM patients. Material and methods. This study used a case-control research design. Samples were recruited consecutively. Data were analyzed by Chi-square test and logistic regression, expressed in odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) with a significance level of P <0.05 Outcomes. Sixty patients with diabetes met the eligibility criteria. The bivariate analysis found that female gender [OR=3.75 (95% CI 1.23-11.38), P=0.017], low education level, and hypertension were associated with CI in type 2 DM. Independent risk factors for CI in type 2 DM from the multivariate analysis were low education level and hypertension. Conclusions. Based on this study, female gender is not an independent risk factor for cognitive dysfunction in patients with type 2 DM.

Baclofen was previously known for its efficacy to treat spasticity but this agent has been studied and reported to have several other uses including its role in central hyperthermia. Central hyperthermia is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and the impact of neuronal damage on the central nervous system. Until now there is no established guideline for the management of central hyperthermia which generally does not respond to standard antipyretic therapy. In this literature review, we will discuss the basic concepts of central hyperthermia and the role and mechanism of action of baclofen as an option for central hyperthermia therapy.

Music has been known since the ancestral era, and undoubtedly it has become an integral part of human life. Music has been widely studied, and its purpose encompassed not only as art and recreational but also as therapeutic agents. Listening to music enhances modulation in the mesolimbic pathway and affecting accumbens nucleus (NAc), ventral tegmental area (VTA), hypothalamus, and insula. Evidence support that music could enhance neuroplasticity and stimulate cognitive function. Laksmidewi et al. have already investigated that listening to western classical music and instrumental Balinese flute music therapy improved cognitive function in the elderly. Cognitive improvement by listening to music has been linked to the relationship between the orbitofrontal cortex and the dopaminergic mesocorticolimbic circuit. Besides, musical intervention in severely ill patients showed its advantages in alleviating anxiety and distress symptoms. Patients with mechanical ventilation are prone to high anxiety and stress levels triggered by many factors such as endotracheal tube placement, critical care environment, frequent suctioning, and fear. Non-pharmacological intervention with music therapy is expected to help patients manage their anxiety and distract patients from stressful environments to assist their ventilator weaning effort.