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Abstract. The identification of cystic lesions within the retroperitoneal space is a rare event that poses clinicians the challenge of a difficult diagnosis and disease management. Retroperitoneal cystic lesions account for a group of lesions that range from common benign lesions (e.g., lymphoceles developing as a surgical complication) to rare aggressive malignant neoplasms. Currently, in the majority of cases, image-guided procedures allow for a pathological diagnosis to be achieved in these challenging lesions, thus offering the chance of an appropriate treatment; however, the overall clinical assessment of retroperitoneal cysts is highly demanding. The present study reports the management of a representative clinical case, presenting with a voluminous cystic mass able to dislocate cave vein, whose diagnosis was preceded by a deep vein thrombosis. Computed tomography-scan and ultrasound guided percutaneous drainage were performed to achieve the diagnosis. Following the discussion of the current case report, a review of the pathological and radiological characteristics of retroperitoneal cystic lesions is presented.

In the last years, a great interest has arisen on immunotherapy for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Check-point inhibitor drugs are now considered clinical practice standard in different settings and their use is expected to increase significantly in the near future. As treatment options for lung cancer advance and vary, the different patterns of radiological response increase in number and heterogeneity. To correctly evaluate the radiological findings after and during these treatments is of paramount importance, both in the clinical and sperimental setting. In consideration of their peculiar mechanism, immunotherapies can determine unusual response patterns on imaging, that cannot be correctly evaluated with the traditional response criteria such as World Health Organization (WHO) and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST). Therefore, during these years, several response criteria [immune-related response criteria (irRC), irRECIST and iRECIST] were proposed and applied in clinical trials on immunotherapies. The aim of this review is to describe the radiological findings after immunotherapy, to critically discuss the different response criteria and the imaging of immune-related adverse events.

Key Clinical MessageWhile acute arterial occlusion causes life-threatening ischemia and organ damage requiring urgent revascularization, the incidental identification of arterial occlusions in asymptomatic patients represents a therapeutic dilemma in clinicians. Does chronic asymptomatic artery occlusion require specific treatment?