No abstract

The existence of endothelin binding sites on the catecholaminergic neurons of the hypothalamus suggests that endothelins (ETs) participate in the regulation of noradrenergic transmission modulating various hypothalamic-controlled processes such as blood pressure, cardiovascular activity, etc. The effects of ET-1 and ET-3 on the neuronal release of norepinephrine (NE) as well as the receptors and intracellular pathway involved were studied in the rat anterior hypothalamus. ET-1 (10 nM) and ET-3 (10 nM) diminished neuronal NE release and the effect blocked by the selective ET type B receptor antagonist BQ-788 (100 nM). N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (10 microM), methylene blue (10 microM), and KT5823 (2 microM), inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase activity, guanylate cyclase, and protein kinase G, respectively, prevented the inhibitory effects of both ETs on neuronal NE release. In addition, both ETs increased nitric oxide synthase activity. Furthermore, 100 microM picrotoxin, a GABA(A)-receptor antagonist, inhibited ET-1 and ET-3 response. Our results show that ET-1 as well as ET-3 has an inhibitory neuromodulatory effect on NE release in the anterior hypothalamus mediated by the ET type B receptor and the involvement of a nitric oxide-dependent pathway and GABA(A) receptors. ET-1 and ET-3 may thus diminish available NE in the synaptic gap leading to decreased noradrenergic activity.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylated nucleosides using microbial whole cells has been carried out for the first time. Unlike Candida antarctica B lipase-catalysed alcoholysis, none of the tested microorganisms displayed a common deacetylation profile. Depending on the substrate and the biocatalyst used, 5'-selective deprotection or mixtures of mono O-acetylated products were obtained.