This study aims to understand the genetic diversity of traditional Oceanian starchy bananas in order to propose an efficient conservation strategy for these endangered varieties. SSR and DArT molecular markers are used to characterize a large sample of Pacific accessions, from New Guinea to Tahiti and Hawaii. All Pacific starchy bananas are shown of New Guinea origin, by interspecific hybridization between Musa acuminata (AA genome), more precisely its local subspecies M. acuminata ssp. banksii, and M. balbisiana (BB genome) generating triploid AAB Pacific starchy bananas. These AAB genotypes do not form a subgroup sensu stricto and genetic markers differentiate two subgroups across the three morphotypes usually identified: Iholena versus Popoulu and Maoli. The Popoulu/Maoli accessions, even if morphologically diverse throughout the Pacific, cluster in the same genetic subgroup. However, the subgroup is not strictly monophyletic and several close, but different genotypes are linked to the dominant genotype. One of the related genotypes is specific to New Caledonia (NC), with morphotypes close to Maoli, but with some primitive characters. It is concluded that the diffusion of Pacific starchy AAB bananas results from a series of introductions of triploids originating in New Guinea area from several sexual recombination events implying different genotypes of M. acuminata ssp. banksii. This scheme of multiple waves from the New Guinea zone is consistent with the archaeological data for peopling of the Pacific. The present geographic distribution suggests that a greater diversity must have existed in the past. Its erosion finds parallels with the erosion of cultural traditions, inexorably declining in most of the Polynesian or Melanesian Islands. Symmetrically, diversity hot spots appear linked to the local persistence of traditions: Maoli in New Caledonian Kanak traditions or Iholena in a few Polynesian islands. These results will contribute to optimizing the conservation strategy for the ex-situ Pacific Banana Collection supported collectively by the Pacific countries.

Premise of the study:Using next-generation sequencing technology, new microsatellite loci were characterized in Artocarpus altilis (Moraceae) and two congeners to increase the number of available markers for genotyping breadfruit cultivars.Methods and Results:A total of 47,607 simple sequence repeat loci were obtained by sequencing a library of breadfruit genomic DNA with an Illumina MiSeq system. Among them, 50 single-locus markers were selected and assessed using 41 samples (39 A. altilis, one A. camansi, and one A. heterophyllus). All loci were polymorphic in A. altilis, 44 in A. camansi, and 21 in A. heterophyllus. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 19.Conclusions:The new markers will be useful for assessing the identity and genetic diversity of breadfruit cultivars on a small geographical scale, gaining a better understanding of farmer management practices, and will help to optimize breadfruit genebank management.

--Introduction. The methods of fruit disinfestation against fruit flies use processes (physical methods) which differ according to the export country and fruit which must be disinfested. The term definitions are made clear and the various treatments are presented. Heat treatments. For mango, treatments usable for disinfestation can only utilize heat, because of the strong sensitivity of this fruit to cold temperatures. The heat treatments in general consist of using an immersion in hot water by a system of batches or an uninterrupted bath. These treatments are then followed or not by a fruit fast cooling which can be carried out by ventilation (cold air) or hydrocooling (water). Heat can also be obtained by use of forced hot air or hot vapor, because a higher temperature than 45 °C kills fly eggs and larvae. Microwave treatments. The use of microwaves is also a technique which makes it possible to increase the temperature in the fruit heart. Irradiation. The last possible solution is the use of irradiation, which uses a principle different from the preceding treatments. Conclusion. In comparison with the most current treatments (vapor heat treatment and forced hot-air treatment), the hot water treatment has many advantages: it is easy to implement, it is quick, it kills surface parasitic organisms, it makes it possible to clean the fruit surface and its cost only corresponds to approximately 10% of the cost of one vapor heat treatment. It would thus be recommended for mango disinfestation.France / fruits / Mangifera indica / tephritidae / stored products' pest control / heat Mouche des fruits : désinfestation, techniques utilisées, application possible à la mangue.Résumé --Introduction. Les méthodes de désinsectisation des fruits pour les infestations de mouches de fruits font appel à des procédés (méthodes physiques) qui diffèrent selon le pays d'exportation et selon le fruit qui doit être désinsectisé. Les définitions des termes sont reprises et les différents traitements sont présentés. Traitements à la chaleur. Pour la mangue, les traitements utilisables pour la désinsectisation ne peuvent faire intervenir que la chaleur en raison de la forte sensibilité de ce fruit au froid. Les traitements à la chaleur consistent en général à utiliser une immersion dans l'eau chaude par système de batch ou en continu. Ces traitements sont ensuite suivis ou non d'un refroidissement rapide des fruits qui peut être réalisé par ventilation (air froid) ou par hydrocooling (eau). La chaleur peut aussi être obtenue par utilisation d'air chaud forcé ou de vapeur chaude car une température supérieure à 45°C tue les oeufs et les larves des mouches. Traitements aux micro-ondes. L'emploi de micro-ondes est aussi une technique permettant d'augmenter la température à coeur des fruits. Irradiation. La dernière solution envisageable est l'utilisation de l'irradiation qui met en jeu un principe différent des pré-cédents. Conclusion. En comparaison avec les traitements les plus courants (traitement à la vapeur d'eau chaude et trait...

The introduction of bananas into New Caledonia is directly linked with the arrival of various peoples on the islands of the Pacific. The genetic characterisation of bananas cultivated in Asia and in the Pacific (Carreel 1993,1994, Lebot et al. 1993 has enabled their relation with wild species to be demonstrated which in turn can be used to put forward strong hypotheses concerning the various migrations of people in the Pacific area and to better understand the socio-cultural role that the banana cultivars Maoli and Popoulou occupy in New Caledonia's Kanak society some 3500 years after their introduction. At the present time there are still "true" bananas and " others". The former which were introduced by the first people to arrive have a sacred ancestral value as well as a social role, while the latter, introduced during the period of colonisation have gradually become revenue generating crops. Abstract in Xâracûu languageKè pè jati nâ rè pwi tö xû nei a Calédonie, è gè wâ ké fädë rè dèèri mê ba töwâ mîî wâ neï bwa tö Pacifique. Wâ kè bwarè nè rè, pwâ rè mê kwiö wâ pwî dobwa è nä nâü rè tö nèpwé kètè Asie mê Pacifique (Carreel 1993,1994, Lebot et al. 1993) fa ba gwéré kè nä bwa rè pwî è näü mê pwî bwa è tuè cicöö. E dù kè té gwéré kè fädë nâ rè dèèri tö nèpwé kètè Pacifique, nè dù kè té xwaé tèpe rè pwî Maoli mê Popoulou töwâ muru rè ka ngürü kè Calédonie, 3500 xwâda nêdùù ké toa nâré pwî. Nâmwâ è xwî nâ « döpwi »mê pwî pwângara. « Dopwî » ù pè mê nâ rè ké dèèri bwa ri toa mââ nâ tö xû nei a, è baa nâ kwiö sègû mê tèpe rè tö wâ xwâ sègû rè kaa ngürü. Mîî pwî dè, è toa nâ wi rè ka pwângara, è nä pwâwâ näü rè ri nâ kè xwiri ngê pwâ rè.

Banana bunchy top disease was identified for the first time in New Caledonia in June 1999. The disease was found only on the south part of the main island, mainly in residential areas and infrequently in commercial banana plantations. Infected plants showed obvious, typical symptoms and an eradication campaign is being undertaken.