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Individuals with different drinking motives show distinctive patterns of alcohol use and problems. Drinking to cope, or endorsing strong coping motives for alcohol use, has been shown to be particularly hazardous. It is important to determine the unique triggers associated with coping drinking. One limitation of past research has been the failure to contend with the complexities inherent in coping motives. Using the Modified Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (Grant, Stewart, O'Connor, Blackwell, & Conrod, 2007), which separates coping-anxiety and coping-depression motives, we investigated whether these motives moderated relationships between daily mood and subsequent drinking (statistically controlling for sex, baseline anxious and depressive symptomatology, initial alcohol problems, and additional drinking motives). College students (N=146) provided daily reports of mood and alcohol consumption online for 3 weeks. Multilevel modeling analyses revealed that, as hypothesized, stronger initial coping-depression motives predicted higher daily depressed mood-alcohol consumption slopes. Also consistent with expectation, stronger initial coping-anxiety motives predicted higher anxious mood-alcohol consumption slopes. We discuss how this identification of the unique mood triggers associated with each type of coping drinking motive can provide the basis for targeted interventions.

Investigations of childhood amnesia have almost exclusively focused on the earliest memories of adults. Here we investigate the earliest memories of children of 6--19 years old. Parents confirmed the memory events and dated the memories. There were surprisingly few developmental differences between the earliest memories of children. Although 6--9-year-olds recalled earlier events than did older children, there were no differences between older age groups. Memories from all age groups were similar in structure, social orientation, and the nature of the recalled event. However, memories of older children were more likely to involve negative affect. There were also few gender differences, although girls were more likely to recall traumatic or transitional events while boys were more likely to recall play events. Overall, results deepen the paradox of early memory: 6--9-year-olds have verbally accessible memories from very early childhood that then seem to disappear as they get older.

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The comorbidity of substance use disorders (SUDs) with anxiety and depression is the focus of substantial research attention and approached from myriad perspectives. This chapter focuses on the resultant complex research literature, first providing an overview of epidemiologic studies that have examined the prevalence of co-occurrence of SUDs (including alcohol and other drug use disorders) with anxiety and depressive disorders, as well as clinical correlates of these forms of comorbidity. Next, theoretical models of the onset and maintenance of emotional disorder–SUD comorbidity are considered, followed by a review of various types of studies evaluating these theoretical models (studies focusing on order-of-onset, the independent versus substance-induced disorder distinction, self-reported motives for use, genetic epidemiology, and experimental studies). Distinctions and commonalities between anxiety–SUD associations and depression–SUD associations are examined throughout. The chapter concludes by examining treatment implications of this comorbidity and suggests future directions for this burgeoning field.