Fungal enzymes in diets with alternative foods for slow-growing chicken Las enzimas fúngicas en las dietas con alimentos alternativos para los pollos RESUMOObjetivou-se nesta revisão abordar sobre enzimas fúngicas e seus efeitos em dietas com alimentos alternativos para frangos de crescimento lento. A alimentação representa maior parte do custo total de produção e para reduzir os gastos e aumentar o lucro do produtor têm sido pesquisados alimentos alternativos, como a torta de babaçu, a torta de dendê e o bagaço de mandioca, que demonstram potencial de utilização na alimentação de frangos caipira, no entanto, com limitações de uso, devido aos diferentes teores de fibra. Os polissacarídeos não amiláceos dificultam o acesso das enzimas digestíveis sobre o alimento, diminuindo a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. Para minimizar esse efeito, têm sido suplementados enzimas exógenas nas dietas das aves. Várias fontes podem originar esses aditivos, sendo a maioria adquirida por meio dos processos fermentativos. A temperatura, o pH, a concentração do substrato e a composição dos ingredientes são fatores que influenciam a ação enzimática e, consequentemente, a disponibilidade dos nutrientes. Estudos demonstram que o uso das enzimas fúngicas podem aumentar o valor nutricional do alimento e melhorar a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, refletindo na eficiência produtiva, representando economia no custo de produção e benefícios ao meio ambiente. No entanto, novos estudos com enzimas e alimentos alternativos devem ser realizados para melhor avaliar seus efeitos na nutrição das aves. Palavras-chave: Aditivos zootécnicos; Atividade enzimática; Polissacarídeos não amiláceos. ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sorghums grown with different organic fertilizers on the chemical composition, energy values, and nutrient metabolizability coefficients, as well as their use for feeding slow-growing broilers. Two trials were performed. In the first experiment, 200 21-dayold broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design (CRD), with five treatments and four replicates of 10 birds per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of a control diet and four test diets (sorghum fertilized with crotalaria, sorghum fertilized with millet, sorghum fertilized with humus, and sorghum without fertilization), including sorghum at 30% in the control diet. The apparent metabolizable energy (AME), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AME n ), metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy were evaluated. In trial 2, 200 1-day-old chicks were used in a CRD with five treatments (T1 -control diet with commercial corn, T2 -sorghum fertilized with crotalaria, T3 -sorghum fertilized with millet, T4 -sorghum fertilized with humus, and T5 -sorghum without fertilization) and four replicates of 10 birds per experimental unit. Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, and final weight at 28 days were evaluated. The values of AME and AME n of sorghums fertilized with crotalaria, millet, humus, and sorghum without fertilization were 2894 Kcal kg -1 and 2881 Kcal kg -1 ; 2736 Kcal kg -1 and 2675 Kcal kg -1 ; 2727 Kcal kg -1 and 2694 Kcal kg -1 ; and 2994 Kcal kg -1 and 2959 Kcal kg -1 , respectively. The metabolizable coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy were 76.04%, 42.01%, and 75.25% for sorghum fertilized with crotalaria; 77.50%, 50.77%, and 75.95% for sorghum fertilized with millet; 77.62%, 46.39%, and 75.54% for sorghum fertilized with humus; and 75.83%, 39.53%, and 74.71% for sorghum cultivated without fertilization, respectively. The dietary use of sorghum cultivated with different fertilizers did not affect (P>0.05) weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, and final weight. Green manures with crotalaria, millet, and humus (bovine manure) are alternatives that can be used on sorghum crops because they resulted in grains with adequate nutritional composition, energy values, and metabolizable coefficients for slowgrowing broilers from 1 to 28 days of age. Key words: Alternative poultry farming. Productive performance. Metabolizable energy. ResumoObjetivou-se no presente trabalho avaliar o sorgo cultivado com diferentes adubos orgânicos sobre a composição química, valores energéticos, coeficientes de metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes e sua utilização na alimentação de frangos de crescimento lento. Foram realizados dois experimentos, no primeiro foram utilizadas 200 aves de 21 dias de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições de 10 aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma dieta referência e quatro dietas testes...

No abstract

The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of enzyme combinations in diets, with different nutritional uplift matrices, for hens raised in an alternative cage-free system. The experiment was carried out with 800 Isa Brown laying hens aged 24-30 weeks, distributed in a 2x2 factorial arrangement, with two combinations of enzymes (phytase and xylanase) and two nutritional matrices (conventional and overvalued uplifts). The treatments were: T1, phytase (450 FTU per kilogram) + xylanase (12,000 BXU per kilogram), using matrix I (100 Kcal kg-1 apparent metabolizable energy, 0.16% calcium, 0.15% available phosphorus, 0.03 sodium, and 0.02% digestible lysine); T2, phytase (1,500 FTU per kilogram) and matrix I; T3, phytase (450 FTU per kilogram) + xylanase (12,000 BXU per kilogram), using matrix II (120 Kcal kg-1 apparent metabolizable energy, 0.22% calcium, 0.20% available phosphorus, 0.04% sodium, and 0.05% digestible lysine); and T4, phytase (1,500 FTU per kilogram) and matrix II. Productive performance variables and external and internal egg quality were analyzed. The use of phytase or of the phytase + xylanase combination, independently of the nutritional matrix used, met the nutrient requirements of the animals and maintained their productive performance. However, the combination phytase + xylanase and the adoption of matrix I was more efficient.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, energy values and nutrient metabolizability coefficients of corn grown using different organic fertilizers and its use for feeding slow-growing broilers. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, two hundred 21-day-old broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and four replicates of 10 birds per experimental unit. The treatments were a control diet and four test diets (corn fertilized with crotalaria, corn fertilized with millet, corn fertilized with humus, and corn without fertilization), including corn at 30% in the control diet. The apparent metabolizable energy, apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance, and apparent metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy were determined. In the performance trial, two hundred and fifty 1-day-old chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design into five treatments (T1 – control diet with commercial corn, T2 – corn without fertilization, T3 – corn fertilized with humus, T4 – corn fertilized with millet and T5 – corn fertilized with crotalaria) and five replicates of 10 birds per experimental unit. Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and final weight at 20 days were evaluated. The AME and AMEn values of corn fertilized with crotalaria, millet, humus and corn without fertilization were 3246 and 3239 kcal kg?1; 2965 and 2954 kcal kg?1; 2909 and 2877 kcal kg?1; and 3265 and 3201 kcal kg?1, respectively. The apparent metabolizable coefficients of DM, CP and GE were: 89.75%, 66.88% and 88.5% for corn fertilized with crotalaria; 84.38%, 58.73% and 81.4% for corn fertilized with millet; 80.38%, 53.45% and 78.95% for corn fertilized with humus; and 89.48%, 68.95% and 87.85% for corn without fertilization, respectively. Feeding broilers with corn cultivated with different fertilizers affected (P < 0.05) weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and final weight. The treatments using corn fertilized with crotalaria, millet, humus and commercial corn did not differ, with better results in relation to corn crop cultivated without fertilization. The use of crotalaria and millet as a green manure, and humus derived from dairy manure are alternatives that can be used on corn crop as they resulted in grains with adequate nutritional composition, energy values and metabolizable coefficients for slow-growing broilers from 1 to 20 days of age.