In this paper, a fuzzy disturbance observer and a high-gain disturbance observer based on a variable structure controller are applied to deal with imprecise multi-shaft with web materials linkage systems taking into account the variation of the moment of inertia. Specifically, a high-gain disturbance observer and an adaptive fuzzy algorithm are separately applied to estimate system uncertainties and external disturbances. The high-gain disturbance observer is designed with auxiliary variables to avoid the amplification of the measurement disturbance, and the fuzzy disturbance observer has the advantage that it does not depend on model information. The convergence properties of the tracking error are analytically proven using Lyapunov’s theory. The obtained numerical results demonstrate the validity and the adaptive performance of the proposed control law in case the system is exposed to uncertainties and disturbances. Important remarks on the design process and performance benchmarks of the two observers are also demonstrated.

Polyaniline (PANi) was electro‐synthesized on the surface of screen‐printed carbon electrodes in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a dopant. The complex of aniline and SDS created a conductive (PANi‐SDS) film at lower aniline concentration. The PANi‐SDS film contained negative charge due to the anionic head of SDS. The PANi‐SDS modified electrode was integrated into a poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic chip as an electrochemical sensor for mercury detection. The presence of SDS in the polyaniline film enhanced the possibility of mercury ions uptake, and therefore, increased the peak current of square wave anodic stripping in the mercury detection. The mercury sensor exhibited a dynamic range from 6 to 35 nM with detection limit of 2.4 nM.

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Expanded graphite (EG) and hydrogenated natural rubber (HNR) latexes with the hydrogenation conversion of 60 and 95 mol% (HNR60 and HNR95, respectively) were prepared according to our proposed procedure, and they were blended in the latex stage. The characterization of EG was determined through BET surface area determination, XRD, and SEM. The investigation of HNR/EG blends was carried out through the tensile property measurement, weather resistance determination, electromagnetic shielding efficiency measurement, and TEM observations. The SEM images and the angles of X‐ray diffraction of EG showed the significant expansion of the graphite and graphitic carbon structure with the interlayer spacing (d) of 3.357 Å. The EG was porous with 91.2146 m2/g of BET‐specific surface by N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms measurements. The highest tensile property, weather resistance, and electromagnetic shielding efficiency of HNR60 were achieved when the amount of dispersed EG was 10%. In contrast, those of HNR95 were achieved when the amount of dispersed EG was 12%. EG was found to be well dispersed in HNR95 than HNR60 as being verified through TEM and FIB‐SEM observations.