Objectives: Drug resistant phenotypes like MRSA are difficult to treat requiring higher group of antibiotics. Topical agents like clindamycin can be used for the therapy of MRSA. The knowledge of prevalence of inducible clindamycin resistance phenotype is essential to prevent treatment failure. Methods:A total of 204 staphylococcal isolates obtained from skin and soft tissue infections and MRSA was detected by Cefoxitin disc diffusion method and detection of Mec A gene by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby Baeur disc diffusion method. The Erythromycin resistant isolates were tested for D test. The differences in antibiotic susceptibility pattern between MRSA and MSSA was compared by Chi Square test using Graph pad Quick Calcs software and p value less than 0.05 was considered as significant Results: Out of the 204 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 48 (23.5%) were identified as MRSA by Cefoxitin disc diffusion method. All these 48 (23.5%) isolates were also positive for Mec A gene by PCR. Inducible clindamycin resistance (iMLSB resistance phenotype) was observed among 24 (11.7%) of the isolates. MRSA showed comparatively lesser susceptibility than MSSA (p ≤0.05). Among the MRSA inducible clindamycin resistance was seen among 11 (22.9%). Conclusions:Emergence of drug resistance warrants antibiotic susceptibility testing for all the isolates in the laboratory. Cefoxitin disc diffusion method can be used in resource constraint laboratory where PCR facilities are not available. Inducible clindamycin resistance phenotype (iMLS phenotype) must be checked for all isolates showing erythromycin resistance to prevent treatment failure. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 9(3):125-128.

Strongyloides stercoralis is a soil-transmitted nematode infection. It is implicated in causing hyper infection syndrome in immunosuppressed patients. This infection can also present without symptoms. The study aims to analyze the demographic data and risk factors associated with acquiring this infection and detectStrongyloides stercoralis in the stool sample by microscopy and modified agar plate culture. Combining microscopy and culture can facilitate detecting the infection in cases of low worm burden. Evaluation of socio-demographic information and risk factors will help in implementing control measures. A total of 986 stool samples were received. All the samples were examined by saline and Iodine mount examination. All the stool samples were cultured by the modified agar plate method. The risk factors, patient demographic details and clinical features were analyzed for significant association using the Chi-square test and a p-value < 0.05 was considered significant) by quick calls graph pad software. The overall prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection was 22(1.23%), and all these cases were diagnosed on stool examination by the demonstration of rhabditiform larva ofStrongyloides stercoralis and adult females by modified agar plate culture. The positivity for Strongyloides larva was high among males, patients from rural areas and individuals working in agricultural settings. There was a significant association between walking barefoot and the demonstration of the larva. Patients presenting from endemic regions, even with vague, nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms, especially with risk factors like Diabetes mellitus, should be screened for this infection and treated. Awareness, proper hygiene practices, and appropriate treatment are necessary to prevent this soil-transmitted helminthic infection.

Introduction: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial infection encountered in both hospital and community setup and the presence of drug resistance carries remarkable clinical implication. Drug resistant phenotypes like ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta lactamase producers) are difcult to treat causing increased morbidity. Aims: The present study aims to determine the prevalence of ESBL producing Enterobacteriacea among Uropathogens and to determine the Antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Materials and Methods :A total of 726 urine samples were obtained and processed as per standard microbiological techniques .Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. All the isolates were screened for ESBL production and conrmed by Double Disc Synergy test (DDST).Differences between the antibiotic susceptibility pattern ,Various risk factors were assessed among the ESBL producing and non ESBLproducing bacteria and the signicance was analyzed . Statistical analysis used:Chi square test.(p < 0.05 signicant) Results: A total of 726 urine samples were processed of which 421 bacteria belonging to Enterobacteriaceae were included in the study. Most common organism isolated was Escherichia coli 279 (66.27%).Highest susceptibility was observed for Imipenem 361 (85.7%) and Amikacin 356 (84.5%).Out of 461 isolates, 235 (55.8%) isolates were positive for ESBL screening all the isolates were conrmed with DDST. There was a signicant difference for Diabetes mellitus, CAUTI and Inpatients among the antibiotic susceptibility pattern between ESBL and non ESBL producers.(p<0.0001) Conclusions: Early detection of Multidrug resistance isolates like ESBLproducers in routine testing could help avoid treatment failure. Screening for ESBL production needs to be carried out regularly in every clinical diagnostic laboratory to guide clinicians in proper selection of antibiotics. Continued monitoring of the susceptibility pattern of ESBLproducing bacteria will provide valuable information regarding the local antimicrobial susceptibility pattern which in turn will guide in choosing the initial empirical therapy