This article summarizes the literature related to the pathogenic mechanisms and treatment options for multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune, demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. The etiology of MS is not known, both genetic and environmental factors are known to play a role. The risk factor that is strongly associated with MS Epstein-Barr infection. Other factors subjected to modification are childhood obesity, smoking and vitamin deficient individuals. Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor has been proposed to explain the increase in prevalence of MS with increase in the latitude. The pathogenesis involves a response which is mediated by T-cell directed against myelin and other similar proteins. The function of B-cells in the disease process is not known. Recent advancements in the understanding of multiple sclerosis has led to development of disease modifying therapies, which in turn has led to a decrease in severity of the disease and relapse rates. Disease modifying therapies act by modulating or suppressing the immune system. Moreover, several drugs have shown effectiveness in certain studies. A number of treatment options have now become available making treatment of MS possible. The management of MS is divided into 3 categories: Treatment of Exacerbations Slowing disease progression with Disease modifying therapies Symptomatic treatment

Hydatid cyst disease is a tapeworm infection caused by the larvae of echinococcus granulosus, spread through contaminated water and food. Hepatic hydatid cysts have different clinical manifestations. The investigations include X-rays, ultrasonography, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance, and ERCP used to detect deep lesions in all the organs and extent and status of avascular fluid-filled cysts. An antibody test is done to confirm x-ray findings. The drug Albendazole influences medical treatment. Albendazole chemotherapy proved to be an effective therapy preferred in the medical care of cystic echinococcosis. Radical hepatic hydatid cysts surgery refers to peri-cystectomy, and Conservative surgery removes the cystic contents, sterilizes the cavity, and resects the part of the cyst. Laparoscopic surgery offers the advantages of a short hospital stay, less wound infection incidence rate, and minimal post-operative pain. Percutaneous aspiration injection re-aspiration is suitable in patients who are not fit for surgery or are not ready for the surgery and have multiple cysts in the liver. The conclusion of this review article is compared to open surgery for hepatic hydatid cysts; we have shown that laparoscopic surgery can be performed safely even with multiple cysts, large cysts, and bile duct cysts.