Background/AimsExperimental and clinical studies have shown the direct toxic effects of cigarette smoke (CS) on the myocardium, independent of vascular effects. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well known.MethodsWistar rats were allocated to control (C) and cigarette smoke (CS) groups. CS rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for 2 months.ResultsAfter that morphometric, functional and biochemical parameters were measured. The echocardiographic study showed enlargement of the left atria, increase in the left ventricular systolic volume and reduced systolic function. Within the cardiac metabolism, exposure to CS decreased beta hydroxy acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenases and citrate synthases and increased lactate dehydrogenases. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) were expressed similarly in both groups. CS increased serum lipids and myocardial triacylglycerols (TGs). These data suggest that impairment in fatty acid oxidation and the accumulation of cardiac lipids characterize lipotoxicity. CS group exhibited increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant defense. Finally, the myocyte cross-sectional area and active Caspase 3 were increased in the CS group.ConclusionThe cardiac remodeling that was observed in the CS exposure model may be explained by abnormalities in energy metabolism, including lipotoxicity and oxidative stress.

Esse trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar o sistema financeiro internacional contemporâneo. Através de uma retrospectiva histórica, busca-se demonstrar os principais esforços macroeconômicos de regulação do sistema financeiro durante o padrão-ouro e o regime de Bretton Woods, evidenciando, ainda os seus respectivos sucessos e fracassos. Todo esse embasamento histórico, auxiliado ao teórico, fornecerá as principais bases de sustentação para se pensar no atual sistema financeiro internacional,juntamente com todas as suas fragilidades e necessidades de reestruturação. Importantes economistas serão utilizados ao longo desse trabalho, tais como: Paul Krugman, Marcos Cintra, Gentil Corazza e Daniela Prates.

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Therefore The aim of this study is to investigate the cardiac glucose metabolism pathways in cardiac remodeling induced by TS.Methods 20 animals were allocated into 2 groups: group of animals exposed to tobacco smoke (TS) and group animals not exposed to cigarette smoke (C). After 2 months the animals were subjected to: a) echocardiographic study; e) spectrophotometric evaluation of energy metabolism enzymes and f) Western blot for Akt and AMPK.The TS group showed larger left atrium size and lower ejection fraction than those of group. The animals showed the same body weight (p = 0.3), heart rate ( p = 0.4) and mean arterial pressure. As regards the analysis of energy metabolism enzymes, phosphofructokinase (PFK) (C 138 ± 24, TS=198 ± 31, p = 0.003), LDH (C =121 ± 31, TS= 167 ± 27, p = 0.017) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) (C=208 ± 18, TS= 211 ± 27, p=0,83) were greater in the TS group and citrate synthase (C =39,0 ±2.32, 25.53 ± TS=5.36, p <0.001), complex I (C =5.03 ± 0.48, TS=2.75 ± 0.62, p <0.001), complex II (C=5.32 ± 0.93; TS= 2.48 ± 0.78, p <0.001) , ATP synthase (C=57.91 ± 7.24, TS= 21.18 ± 4.84 p <0.001) were lower in the TS group. Akt/Aktp was similar between the groups. AMPK was reduced in CS group (p<0,001).Conclusion: During early cardiac remodeling, there is an increase in glucose metabolism. In this study LDH and PFK , that represents glycolytic pathways were increased. However, the citric acid cicle and mitochondrial respiratory chain may be compromised. One of the key modulators of these features may be AMPK.

Based on a factual analysis of cases of racism (Article 14 of the ECHR) tried by the European Court of Human Rights, this study seeks to identify the current limits to the promotion of social inclusion and the recognition of differences in Europe. Within the perspective of Jürgen Habermas's Reconstructive Theory of Law and Axel Honneth's Theory of Recognition, we are able to dispute the supposedly exclusivist application of human rights in Europe through the exposure of jurisprudential failings, which have substantially compromised their effectiveness and democratic legitimacy within the social sphere. We will also argue for the consequences of a system of rights put into effect and legitimized by the particularistic means of a majority-Western culture that hides the arbitrariness and oppression to which continually inferiorized groups not included in modern law are subjected. ECHR: Uma análise a partir de perspectivas de inclusão e reconhecimento de diferenças de identidadeResumo: A partir da análise factual dos casos de racismo (artigo 14 da CEDH) julgados pelo Tribunal Europeu dos Direitos Humanos, este trabalho pretende identificar os atuais quadros limítrofes de promoção da inclusão social e do reconhecimento das diferenças na Europa. Sob a perspectiva da Teoria Reconstrutiva do Direito de Habermas e da Teoria do Reconhecimento de Honneth, será possível contestarmos a aplicação exclusivista dos direitos humanos na Europa, com a exposição de suas lacunas jurisprudenciais, as quais comprometem, em sentido substantivo, sua efetividade e legitimidade democrática no escopo social. Arguir-se-ão, ainda, os efeitos colaterais de um sistema de direitos efetivado e legitimado pelas vias particularistas de uma cultura ocidental majoritária, que silencia a arbitrariedade e a opressão a que são submetidos grupos constantemente inferiorizados e não incluídos no direito moderno. Palavras-chave: TEDH, Inclusão, Reconhecimento, Emancipação.