Recent studies show that the mutualistic role of lizards as pollinators and seed dispersers has been underestimated, with several ecological factors promoting such plant-animal interactions, especially on oceanic islands. Our aim is to provide a quantitative assessment of pollination and seed dispersal mutualisms with lizards in continental xeric habitats. We carried out focal observations of natural populations of Melocactus ernestii (Cactaceae) in the Caatinga, a Brazilian semiarid ecosystem, in order to record the frequency of visits, kind of resource searched and behaviour of visiting animals towards flowers and/or fruits. We made a new record of the lizard Tropidurus semitaeniatus foraging on flowers and fruits of M. ernestii. During the search for nectar, T. semitaeniatus contacted the reproductive structures of the flowers and transported pollen attached to its snout. Nectar production started at 14:00 h, with an average volume of 24.4 μl and an average concentration of solutes of 33%. Approximately 80% of the seeds of M. ernestii found in the faeces of T. semitaeniatus germinated under natural conditions. The roles of T. semitaeniatus as pollinator and seed disperser for M. ernestii show a clear relationship of double mutualism between two endemic species, which may result from the environmental conditions to which both species are subject. Seasonality, low water availability and arthropod supply in the environment, high local lizard densities, continuous nectar production by the flower and fruits with juicy pulp may be influencing the visits and, consequently, pollination and seed dispersal by lizards in this cactus.

Studies of the dispersal modes of plants aid our understanding of the dynamics of resource and its availability for dispersal agents. The present work sought to characterize the fruiting patterns of the native Caatinga (dryland) cactus Cereus jamacaru, identify its principal dispersers, and evaluate the effects of seed passage through digestive tract of dispersers on its germination. Cereus jamacaru present an annual fruiting pattern and fruiting peaks occurred during June/2009 and February/2010. A total of 135 visits by nine species of resident Caatinga bird species were recorded. The most frequent visiting bird species were Paroaria dominicana and Euphonia chlorotica. Length of bird visits varied from 15 seconds to 4 minutes and seeds removed by birds travelled 10.6 ± 11.2 m until dispersers make the first landing perch, in some cases more than 40 meters away. Germination tests show birds had a high quantity of viable seeds of C. jamacaru in its feces. Seeds that passed through the digestive tract of birds showed a similar germinability of the seeds of the control group. However, the seeds dispersed by birds showed lowest mean germination time related to the control group seeds. This study highlights the potential role of birds as seed dispersers of C. jamacaru, swallowing the whole seeds and defecating intact seeds, accelerating the germination process and transporting seeds away from the mother plant.Keywords: frugivores, seed germination tests, phenology, ornithochory.Frugivoria e dispersão de sementes por aves em Cereus jamacaru DC. ssp. jamacaru (Cactaceae) na Caatinga, uma floresta seca no Nordeste do Brasil Resumo Estudos do modo de dispersão das espécies vegetais permitem o entendimento da dinâmica dos recursos e sua disponibilidade para os dispersores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o padrão de frutificação de Cereus jamacaru, uma espécie nativa da Caatinga, identificar os seus principais dispersores e avaliar o efeito da passagem das sementes pelo trato digestivo destes animais sobre sua germinação. Cereus jamacaru apresentou um padrão de frutificação anual, com pico de frutificação nos meses de Junho/2009 e Fevereiro/2010. No total foram registradas 135 visitas de nove espécies de aves frugívoras da Caatinga, sendo os dispersores mais frequentes Paroaria dominicana e Euphonia chlorotica. O tempo de duração das visitas foi curto, variando de 15 segundos a 4 minutos, e a distância média dos voos pós-alimentação foi 10,6 ± 11,2 m da planta-mãe, podendo também alcançar distâncias superiores a 40 metros. Os resultados dos testes de germinação mostraram que as aves apresentam uma alta quantidade de sementes viáveis de C. jamacaru em suas fezes. As sementes que passaram pelo trato digestivo das aves mostraram germinabilidade semelhante aquelas do grupo controle. No entanto, as sementes dispersadas pelas aves apresentaram um menor tempo médio necessário para germinação. Esse estudo destaca o papel das aves como potenciais dispersores de C. jamacaru, eliminando sementes intactas, aceleran...

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