The study of the recovery of bioactive compounds from natural resources and its implications in several areas is very significant for the scientific community. This work aimed to study Brazilian agroindustrial wastes’ antioxidant and antimicrobial activities using green extraction. Olive leaves, jaboticaba peel, araçá peel, and pecan nut shells were evaluated under four conditions: (1) convective-drying and aqueous extraction, (2) convective-drying and ethanolic extraction, (3) freeze-drying and aqueous extraction, and (4) freeze-drying and ethanolic extraction. The results demonstrated that all samples showed high antioxidant potential, and the highest antioxidant activity was obtained for the extract of pecan nut shell. As for the quantification of compounds by HPLC, the olive leaf presented the highest content of phenolic compounds in the extract, mainly oleuropein. Finally, the antimicrobial activity analysis revealed the extracts’ bactericidal potential against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The present study shows that green extraction can extract bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, highlighting the importance of choosing the drying method and solvent for future uses of these natural resources by the industry.
RESUMO-Atualmente tem sido avaliada a utilização de uma série de resíduos agroindustriais para a produção de carvão ativado, devido à sua grande disponibilidade, baixo custo e por serem materiais renováveis. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar a caracterização morfológica, física, química e térmica de endocarpos moídos de frutos de butiás (Butia quaraimana), com vistas à produção de carvão ativado. Através da análise química, estimou-se 5,71±0,02% de umidade e teor de cinzas de 0,65±0,03%. Verificou-se na análise física que a massa específica real e aparente foi de 1,461±0,001 g/cm 3 e 0,738±0,017 g/cm 3 , respectivamente. A porosidade do leito de partículas foi de 0,495 e o diâmetro médio de Sauter foi de 0,59±0,04 mm. A distribuição granulométrica indicou que aproximadamente 90% das partículas apresentaram de 0,5 a 1,5 mm. Na análise termogravimétrica, avaliou-se a pirólise e a combustão de amostras de 0,945 e 0,113 mm. As curvas de perda de massa apresentaram tendências semelhantes em ambos os processos e para as duas granulometrias de partículas. Observou-se que a perda de massa foi mais pronunciada nas partículas de menor diâmetro, em especial na pirólise, devido a menor resistência a transferência de massa em tais partículas. Destaca-se as partículas de 0,945 mm que foram mais estáveis termicamente na pirólise. A caracterização física, química, térmica indicou que o endocarpo de butiá é um bom precursor do carvão ativado.
We evaluated the ontogeny of the understory shrub Psychotria tenuinervis Müll.Arg., considering morphological and morphometric characters. Four ontogenetic stages were identified: seedling, juvenile, immature and adult (vegetative and reproductive phases). Size measurements and allometric relationships of the stem and crown were compared between the immature and adult stages. Diameter and total height of the stem, as well as crown depth and width, increased throughout the ontogenetic stages and differed among immature, vegetative adult and reproductive adult individuals. The number of branches was lower in immature individuals than in vegetative and reproductive adult individuals but did not differ between the last two. The bifurcation ratio did not vary during ontogenetic development. In general, allometric relationships between the stem and the crown were similar among the ontogenetic stages. Although there was a progressive increase in size during ontogenetic development, there was no change in the allometric relationships between the size variables and architecture of P. tenuinervis, indicating that the form of individuals does not change over the course of ontogeny.
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