The development and pre-clinical evaluation of nano-texturised, biomimetic, surfaces of titanium (Ti) implants treated with titanium dioxide (TiO) nanotube arrays is reviewed. and evaluations show that TiO nanotubes on Ti surfaces positively affect the osseointegration, cell differentiation, mineralisation, and anti-microbial properties. This surface treatment can be superimposed onto existing macro and micro porous Ti implants creating a surface texture that also interacts with cells at the nano level. Histology and mechanical pull-out testing of specimens in rabbits indicate that TiO nanotubes improves bone bonding nine-fold (p = 0.008). The rate of mineralisation associated with TiO nanotube surfaces is about three times that of non-treated Ti surfaces. In addition to improved osseointegration properties, TiO nanotubes reduce the initial adhesion and colonisation of Collectively, the properties of Ti implant surfaces enhanced with TiO nanotubes show great promise. Cite this article: 2018;100-B(1 Supple A):9-16.

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We describe the synthesis and application of a three-dimensionally (3D) structured CdS quantum dot / ZnIn 2 S 4 nanosheet / TiO 2 nanotube array (CdS/ZnIn 2 S 4 /TiO 2 ) heterostructured material architecture. TiO 2 nanotube arrays (TiO 2 NTAs) are used as the synthetic template, subsequently sensitized using hydrothermal and successive ion layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) techniques. The described synthesis approach offers a powerful technique for designing 3D heterostructure systems.Under AM1.5G illumination, the 3D CdS/ZnIn 2 S 4 /TiO 2 samples generate a photocurrent of approximately 4.3mA/cm 2 , with a photoconversion efficiency of 2%. Samples are tested for their ability to photocatalytically degrade target agents; noteworthy is that after 90 min illumination 100% of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) is removed. Charge carriers are produced when photons are irradiated onto the photocatalyst in the suspended solution. The bandgap of TiO 2 (3.2 eV), ZnIn 2 S 4 (2.6 eV) and CdS (2.4 eV) reduces progressively with the CB and VB increasing progressively to form a stepwise heterostructure that can absorb visible right. Under irradiation, photo-generated electrons are excited from the valence band (VB) to the conduction band (CB) of CdS, creating positive holes in the VB of CdS.Photo-excited electrons in the CB of CdS transfer to ZnIn 2 S 4 , and then migrating to TiO 2 .Meanwhile, holes are transported in the opposite direction at the heterojunction interface. The separated electrons and holes migrate to the surface as reducing agents and sacrificial reagents, respectively (eq (3), eq (4)). Oxygen molecules dissolved in the suspension capture the electrons in the conduction band, and the holes in the valence band are captured by H 2 O species adsorbed on the surface of the catalysts to produce the •OH radicals(eq (5), eq (6) and eq (7)), which subsequently degrades organic pollutants (eq (9)). 67, 68 Meanwhile, CB electrons may recombine with VB holes (eq (8)). 20 is recorded after irradiation 20 min, and the results are shown in Fig. 11B. From TiO 2 (curve c) to CdS/ZnIn 2 S 4 /TiO 2 (curve a), the PL intensity shows a gradual increase. The results confirm the best photocatalytic performance of CdS/ZnIn 2 S 4 /TiO 2 . ConclusionsA novel CdS/ZnIn 2 S 4 /TiO 2 heterostructure is prepared by a mild hydrothermal method combined with a SILAR technique. The photoelectrical performances of the as prepared materials are carefully investigated; optimal samples demonstrate a solar spectrum photoconversion efficiency of approximately 2.0%. Photocatalytic performance was tested by photodegradation of organic pollutants, with excellent efficiencies obtained; a photodegradation mechanism was proposed on the basis of band alignment to elucidate the enhancement of efficiency seen in the CdS/ZnIn 2 S 4 /TiO 2 material system. Fig.11. PL spectra measured during illumination with CdS/ZnIn 2 S 4/ TiO 2 (A) and different photoelectrodes (B): (a)