The present study area is primarily underlain by granites, basalts, and a little bit of laterites. Groundwater occurs under unconfined to semiconfined conditions, in weathered and fractured formations, respectively. A three-dimensional groundwater flow model for the Osmansagar and Himayathsagar catchments-a semiarid hard rock area in India with two conceptual layers-is developed under transient conditions using visual MODFLOW software for the period 2005 to 2009. The 15-20 m top layer is a weathered zone, followed by second 20-25 m-layer fractured zone based on hydrogeophysical studies and borehole lithologs. The groundwater recharge estimation is achieved with the help of geographical information system (GIS) and the water table fluctuation method that is well fitted into the flow model with an average recharge value of 21% of the average annual rainfall. The results derived from modeling indicate that the average input to the aquifer system is 321.96 million cubic meters (mcm), and the output is 322.14 mcm. If the same withdrawal is continued up until the year 2020, the water level is believed to decline more than 45 m over the entire study area. To avoid this critical stage, the present draft should be decreased by nearly 40%.

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Water-quality characteristics were determined for four lakes (Dundigal, Mallampet Nizampet and Bowrampet) in the Quthbullapur Mandau of Mitchel District, Telanagana State to evaluate changes in lake water quality that may occur in summer and after initial rains. Samplings were collected from each lake in May 2017 and July 2017. The measured water quality parameters included pH, color, turbidity, alkalinity, hardness, suspended solids, Dissolved oxygen, COD, BOD ,Chloride content TDS, Total load of bacteria. From this values it is observe that the lake water is not potable, but can be used for general purpose as well as recreational purpose. Higher values were recorded after initial rains due to natural and anthropogenic sources such as run-off containing salts, land fill leachates, septic tank effluents and animal feeds is higher in first flush. It is also observed that the water turbidity, nitrate and phosphorous levels are more in all lakes. It is due to the increase of nutrient level and the water hycanith presence in the lakes. Therefore it is necessary to reduce the nutrient loads by treating the waste water prior to the discharge into the lakes and removing the water hycanith from the lakes to clarify the water.

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