Artificial intelligence (AI) is a path-breaking advancement for many industries, including the health care sector. The expeditious development of information technology and data processing has led to the formation of recent tools known as artificial intelligence. Radiology has been a portal for medical technological advancements, and AI will likely be no dissimilar. Radiology is the platform for many technological advances in the medical field; AI can undoubtedly impact every step of a radiologist's workflow. AI can simplify every activity like ordering and scheduling, protocoling and acquisition, image interpretation, reporting, communication, and billing. AI has eminent potential to augment efficiency and accuracy throughout radiology, but it also possesses inherent drawbacks and biases. We collected studies that were published in the past five years using PubMed as our database. We chose studies that were relevant to artificial intelligence in radiology. We mainly focused on the overview of AI in radiology, components included in the functioning of AI, AI assisting in the radiologists' workflow, ethical aspects of AI, challenges, and biases that AI experiencing together with some clinical applications of AI. Of all 33 studies, we found 15 articles discussed the overview and components of AI, five articles about AI affecting radiologist's workflow, five articles related to challenges and biases in AI, two articles discussed ethical aspects of AI, and six articles about practical implications of AI. We found out that the application of AI could make time-dependent tasks that can be performed effortlessly, permitting radiologists more time and opportunities to engage in patient care via increased time for consultation and development in imaging and extracting useful data from those images. AI could only be an aid to radiologists but will not replace a radiologist. Radiologists who use AI to their benefit, rather than to avoid it out of fear, might supersede those radiologists who do not. Substantial research should be done regarding the practical implications of AI algorithms for residents curriculum and the benefits of AI in radiology.

Cerebral Palsy (CP) is one of the foremost causes of childhood motor disability and disrupts the individual's development and ability to function. Several factors contribute to the development of CP such as preterm delivery, low birth weight, infection/inflammation, and additional pregnancy complications, both in preterm and term infants. As there is no specific treatment for CP, rehabilitation is the current option for the management of patients. The serious nature of this condition creates deficits that last a lifetime. We collected studies that were published in the past 10 years, using PubMed as our main database. We chose studies that were relevant to CP and stem cell therapy. We mainly focused on various types of stem cells that can be used in treatment, mechanism of action (MOA) of stem cells, routes, dosage, and adverse effects, their efficacy, and safety in CP patients. Of all the 38 studies we reviewed, we found that five articles discussed the utilization of human umbilical cord blood [hUCB], four articles discussed autologous bone marrow stem cells, and one discussed allogeneic umbilical cord blood usage. One article discussed neural stem-like cells (NSLCs) derived from bone marrow and the remaining 27 articles were about CP and its treatment. We reviewed detailed information about the possible stem cell therapies and their benefits in patients with CP. We found that immune modulation is the major mechanism of action of stem cells, and among all the types of stem cells. Autologous umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells appear to be safe and most effective in treatment compared to other stem cell treatments. Among all symptoms, motor symptoms are best corrected by stem cell therapy. Still, it did not show any marked improvement in treating other symptoms like speech defects, sensory or cognitive defects, or visual impairment.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and pancreatic cancer (PC) in the elderly are widely considered to be interrelated. New-onset diabetes (NOD) patients are considered a high-risk group for the development of PC within three years of diagnosis. We reviewed the literature to determine the pathophysiological association between DM and PC, which can help in the development of screening tests for early PC diagnosis in the elderly with NOD. We also studied the potential associations between them after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) or pancreatic resection. We collected studies published in the last five years in PubMed that are relevant to DM and PC in the elderly. We mainly focused on the pathophysiology and intracellular mechanisms involved between NOD and PC. We illustrated the clinical signs and immunological and metabolic biomarkers that can be used to diagnose early PC in the elderly with NOD. In the 34 studies we reviewed, five showed that long-term diabetes mellitus (LTDM) increases the risk of PC. Six studies showed that NOD in the elderly is an early sign of PC. Fourteen studies proposed that clinical signs and biomarker levels should be used to determine the high-risk risk group for PC among NOD patients. Six studies reported that NOD is associated with the worst outcomes postoperatively, and three studies showed that patients developed DM after pancreatic resection. LTDM is considered an independent risk factor for PC development in the elderly. NOD is a consequence and maybe the only early presenting sign of PC. Screening protocols and tests should be used in clinical practice to determine the proportion of NOD patients who should undergo further testing for early diagnosis of PC. DM and PC are also co-related postoperatively and patients should be monitored for impaired glucose levels, overall survival, and mortality.

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and cardiac catheterization are clean procedures done under aseptic precautions, but studies have shown transient bacteremia following the process, mostly involving Staphylococcus. This has many complications, from localized wounds at arterial access sites to endocarditis, mycotic aneurysm, and sepsis, and are associated with high mortality. These may require surgical intervention and prolonged antibiotic use. The risk of acquiring these infections is higher in femoral catheterization than in radial access. This risk also increases in patients with congestive cardiac failure, age 60 and above, and those with diabetes and obesity. Procedural hazards include multiple punctures and leaving the sheath for future access due to the needle tract's colonization. We present a case of sepsis presenting two days after PCI using single puncture radial access and a rapid downhill course.

Pneumokoniose ist eine Berufskrankheit, die bei Arbeitern auftritt, die organischen und anorganischen Stäuben in der Umwelt ausgesetzt sind, wie im Bergbau, beim Sandstrahlen und Töpfern, bei Steinmetzarbeiten und in der Landwirtschaft. Die entzündliche Reaktion der Lunge auf lungengängigen Staub verursacht die Bildung von Makulae, Knötchen und Fibrose, und ein höherer Kieselsäuregehalt im eingeatmeten Staub ist mit einer erhöhten Fibrosierung verbunden. Die Mischstaubpneumokoniose (MDP) entsteht durch die Exposition gegenüber Staub, der 10–20% Kieselsäure enthält, und in der Lungenbildgebung zeigen sich unregelmäßige Trübungen. Die Histopathologie spielt bei der Diagnose der MDP eine entscheidende Rolle. Günstige Behandlungsergebnisse sind möglich, doch die MDP entwickelt sich langsam über viele Jahre konstanter Exposition und ist durch eine Verschlechterung von Dyspnoe und Husten gekennzeichnet, die allmählich zum Cor pulmonale fortschreiten. Die einzig wirksame Behandlung besteht darin, die Exposition zu beenden, weshalb es für ein günstiges Outcome unerlässlich ist, die Krankheit frühzeitig zu erkennen. Wir stellen einen Fall von Mischstaubpneumokoniose bei einem Bauern aus Südamerika vor, der an Asthma litt. Er stellte sich mit sich verschlimmernder Dyspnoe und multiplen Knötchen in beiden Lungen in der Bildgebung und einem Cor pulmonale vor. Es wurde eine umfassende diagnostische Abklärung durchgeführt, die Malignität und Tuberkulose ausschloss. Die Analyse von Biopsieproben aus der videoassistierten thorakoskopischen Chirurgie (VATS) bestätigte die Diagnose einer Staubpneumokoniose. Er hatte einen Zusammenfluss von unregelmäßigen Knoten in den oberen Lungenlappen, und der größte war 2,1 cm groß. Dies passt zur Definition der progressiven massiven Fibrose der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation (ILO). Dies, zusammen mit seinem Cor pulmonale, ergibt eine schlechte Prognose, selbst nachdem er von der Staubexposition befreit wurde. Er erhielt Steroide, was zu einer symptomatischen Besserung führte, und er wurde zur weiteren Nachsorge beim Pneumologen entlassen.