IntroductionThe cornerstone of treatment for coeliac disease is a gluten-free diet (GFD). However, adherence to a GFD is reported to vary between 50 and 70%. Recently other investigators have been reporting their preliminary findings using novel therapies (anti-zonulin or peptidases). Both these observations suggest that patients with coeliac disease may be seeking an alternative therapy for their disease.In both irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease the incidence of complementary or alternative medicine (CAM) use is reported to be as high as 50%. There has never been any data assessing the use of CAM in patients with coeliac disease.MethodsWe sought to assess whether patients with adult coeliac disease are taking complementary or alternative medicines (CAM) and also questioned this group about their interest in novel therapies.This was a survey conducted in an out-patient setting. We also obtained information from a control group (without any GI disease) about their use of CAM.Results310 patients with coeliac disease completed the survey (83 male and age range 19–97, mean age 56). Patients were classified according to their presenting symptoms with 258 having “typical” symptoms (gastrointestinal presenting symptoms, anaemia or a combination of both) and 52 with neither (described as atypical, for example, osteoporosis). The control group was 477 individuals (228 male, age range 17–88, mean age 45.9).The incidence of CAM in patients with coeliac disease was 21.6% (67/310) and in the control group the incidence of CAM usage was 27% (129/477), p=0.08. There were no statistically significant differences in incidence when comparing the two subgroups of coeliac disease.Patients were also asked if they were satisfied with the GFD using a Likert scale. The outcomes reported were very poor 7.4% (23/310), poor 34.5% (107/310), average 34.8% (108/310), 19.4% good (60/310) and 3.9% excellent (12/310).Finally patients were asked about their preferences for possible novel therapies. Patients were asked to arrange in order of preference 1–4 whether they would like a vaccine, genetically modified wheat, peptidase or anti-zonulin. Universally patients placed genetically modified wheat as the lowest preference. A vaccine was reported to be the first choice in 42% of patients, 35% for Anti- Zonulin and 23% for Peptidases.ConclusionMore than 40% of patients with coeliac disease are dissatisfied with their GFD. These patients are not taking CAM any more than individuals without coeliac disease. This suggests they do not view CAM as alternative to the GFD. However, all the patients in this survey were keen to consider novel therapies with a vaccine being the most preferred option.
Dengue virus (DENV) is responsible for the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral infection in humans. Events decisive for disease development occur in the skin after virus inoculation by the mosquito. Yet, the role of human dermis-resident immune cells in dengue infection and disease remains elusive. Here we investigated how dermal dendritic cells (dDCs) and macrophages (dMs) react to DENV and impact on immunopathology. We show that both CD1c(+) and CD14(+) dDC subsets were infected, but viral load greatly increased in CD14(+) dDCs upon IL-4 stimulation, which correlated with upregulation of virus-binding lectins Dendritic Cell-Specific Intercellular adhesion molecule-3-Grabbing Nonintegrin (DC-SIGN/CD209) and mannose receptor (CD206). IL-4 also enhanced T-cell activation by dDCs, which was further increased upon dengue infection. dMs purified from digested dermis were initially poorly infected but actively replicated the virus and produced TNF-α upon lectin upregulation in response to IL-4. DC-SIGN(+) cells are abundant in inflammatory skin with scabies infection or Th2-type dermatitis, suggesting that skin reactions to mosquito bites heighten the risk of infection and subsequent immunopathology. Our data identify dDCs and dMs as primary arbovirus target cells in humans and suggest that dDCs initiate a potent virus-directed T-cell response, whereas dMs fuel the inflammatory cascade characteristic of dengue fever.
Στην παρούσα διατριβή πραγματοποιήθηκαν 4 πειράματα. Στόχος του 1ου πειράματος ήταν: α) η ταξινόμηση 11 πρότυπων φαινολικών ενώσεων με κριτήριο την αντιοξειδωτική τους δράση, και β) η αξιολόγηση 3 διαλυτών ως προς την αποτελεσματικότητα τους να αποδίδουν εκχυλίσματα υψηλής αντιοξειδωτικής ικανότητας. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα, το γαλλικό οξύ παρουσιάζει την υψηλότερη τιμή ενώ ασθενέστερη αντιοξειδωτική δράση εμφανίζουν το π-κουμαρικό οξύ και το βανιλλικό οξύ. Η στατιστική επεξεργασία των αποτελεσμάτων έδειξε σημαντικές διαφορές μεταξύ των διαλυτών εκχύλισης με τη μεθανόλη να εμφανίζεται στατιστικά πιο ευαίσθητη από τους υπόλοιπους. Στο 2ο πείραμα μελετήθηκε η επίδραση 3 μεθόδων εκχύλισης: α) στη ποιοτική και ποσοτική σύσταση, β) στο ολικό φαινολικό περιεχόμενο και γ) στην αντιοξειδωτική δραστικότητα της ρίγανης και του βαλσαμόχορτου. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι οι μέθοδοι εκχύλισης δεν διαφοροποιούν το φαινολικό προφίλ των εκχυλισμάτων των φυτών, αλλά μεταβάλλουν σημαντικά τη ποσοτική σύσταση αυτών. Η μέθοδος reflux βρέθηκε να είναι περισσότερο ευαίσθητη από τις υπόλοιπες μεθόδους και μάλιστα περισσότερο ευαίσθητη στη παραλαβή των φλαβονοειδών και ελαφρώς περισσότερο ευαίσθητη στη παραλαβή των φαινολικών οξέων. Η επίδραση του σταδίου ανάπτυξης εννέα φυτών της ελληνικής χλωρίδας στη φαινολική σύσταση και την αντιοξειδωτική τους δράση αποτέλεσε στόχος του 3ου πειράματος. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι το αναπτυξιακό στάδιο αποτελεί τον κυρίαρχο παράγοντα που καθορίζει τη συγκέντρωση των φλαβονοειδών και των φαινολικών οξέων στα φύλλα των υπό μελέτη φυτών, με τις τιμές των πρώτων να μεγιστοποιούνται την περίοδο της ανθοφορίας τους και των δεύτερων τη περίοδο της καρποφορίας τους. Οι κλιματολογικοί παράγοντες δεν διαφοροποίησαν το φαινολικό προφίλ των φυτών, ωστόσο, μπορεί να θεωρηθούν υπεύθυνες για τις διακυμάνσεις που παρατηρήθηκαν στις συγκεντρώσεις των φαινολικών συστατικών.
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