Enceladus is a compelling destination for astrobiological analyses due to the presence of simple and complex organic constituents in cryovolcanic plumes that jet from its subsurface ocean. Enceladus plume capture during a flyby or orbiter mission is an appealing method for obtaining pristine ocean samples for scientific studies of this organic content because of the high science return, reduced planetary protection challenges, and lower risk and expense compared to a landed mission. However, this mission profile requires sufficient amounts of plume material for sensitive analysis. To explore the feasibility and optimization of the required capture systems, light gas gun experiments were carried out to study organic ice particle impacts on indium surfaces. An organic fluorescent tracer dye, Pacific Blue ™ , was dissolved in borate buffer and frozen into saline ice projectiles. During acceleration, the ice projectile breaks up in flight into micron-sized particles that impact the target. Quantitative fluorescence microscopic analysis of the targets demonstrated that under certain impact conditions, 10-50% of the entrained organic molecules were captured in over 25% of the particle impacts. Optimal organic capture was observed for small particles (d~5-15 µm) with velocities ranging from 1 to 2 km s −1. Our results reveal how organic capture efficiency depends on impact velocity and particle size; capture increases as particles get smaller and as velocity is reduced. These results demonstrate the feasibility of collecting unmodified organic molecules from the Enceladus ice plume for sensitive analysis with modern in situ instrumentation such as microfluidic capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis with ppb organic sensitivity.
<div> <p><strong>Modelling of micron-scale impacts into Indium as a soft capture surface: preparing for Enceladus transit&#160;</strong></p> <p><strong>[FOR A MUCH HIGHER QUALITY PDF VERSION GO TO http://astro.kent.ac.uk/EPSC2020_37.pdf]</strong></p> <p><strong>M. C. Price (1)</strong>, J. S. New (1, 2), V. Spathis (1), R. A. Mathies (3), A. L. Butterworth (2) and P. J. Wozniakiewicz (1).<br />(1) School of Physical Sciences, Uni. of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NH, UK.</p> <p>(2) Space Sciences Lab., Uni. of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA.</p> <p>(3) Department of Chemistry, Uni. of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA.</p> <p><br /><strong>E-mail: mcp21@kent.ac.uk, jamesnew@berkeley.edu</strong></p> <p class="Abstractsectionheading"><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p class="Sectiontext"><span lang="EN-US">In preparation for a potential transit through the plumes of Enceladus we report on progress made in the modelling of impacts into indium as a soft capture surface. Using a modified Cowper-Symonds strength model, we have been able to successfully reproduce the impacts of PMMA spheres which were used as ice analogue projectiles.</span></p> </div> <p class="Sectionheading"><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p class="Sectionheading">Enceladus is, arguably, one of the locations in the Solar System where we might expect to find life, or an indication of complex pre-biotic molecules: it has a sub-surface ocean which is spewing molecules into space which could be captured and analysed using in situ techniques such as the Enceladus Organic Analyzer [1] on-board either a fly-by or (preferably) orbiter mission. In preparation for such a mission the authors in [2] fired micron-sized PMMA particles (as ice analogues) at speeds of 1 &#8211; 3 km s<sup>-1</sup> into a range of metal targets to try and identify which material would be best suited as a capture surface. The conclusion was that indium (from a selection of gold, silver, copper and aluminium) was the best capture medium as it retained the greatest unmodified percentage of the original PMMA particles.</p> <p class="Sectionheading">The next step in the project is to simulate these impacts so that parameters such as peak pressure and temperatures can be modelled to determine any potential modification to the impacting organic molecules. Once successful, this model can then be used for the simulation of icy impactors.</p> <p><strong>Modelling PMMA impacts into In.</strong></p> <p>Indium is a very soft (at room temperature), fairly inert material and could easily be space-qualified for a potential capture surface. Lots of data exist on the low strain-rate strength of indium (i.e. its creep strength) but at the impact speeds likely to be encountered at Enceladus (0.1 &#8211; 2 km s<sup>-1</sup>) and the size of the impacting particles (~6 &#956;m), the strain-rate, , expected is ~v/d ~ 10<sup>8</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>. At such strain-rates the strength of a material can be more than an order of magnitude higher than its quasi-static strength [3, 4]. Unfortunately, no data could be found for the high strain-rate strength dependence of indium. We therefore follow the approach taken successfully in modelling similar impacts into aluminium, tantalum and copper [5, 6] and assume that the strain-rate behaviour of indium follows a similar pattern (which is probably a justifiable assumption given that indium behaves as a FCC material).</p> <p>From the results in [2] (replotted in Fig. 1) the crater diameter for PMMA impacts into indium is seen to be a non-linear function of the particle size and impact velocity, thus indicating a strain-rate strength dependence.</p> <p><img src="data:image/png;base64, iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAfQAAAEjCAIAAABLj2RKAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAAE5FSURBVHhe7d0JXE3ZHwDw20qkRRQK2QtZU2PPOgaDyDrGNrbBWP52g8o+GLIzZkQYa5SxrykxibIVmXbRhgql9b3/777z87zW9+JV771+38/7PL9zzu156++ee+6956oJhUKOEEKIalHHfwkhhKgQSu6EEKKCKLkTQogKouROCCEqiJI7IYSooBI8WkYgEDx//vz169cWFhbVqlXDWkIIISWvpHruu3bt0tDQaNasWbdu3apXr25gYJCens6aAgMD1XKLj49nTYQQQuSipJL74MGDYZsgJycnSyQjI6Njx47YJgKtYiYmJlhLCCFEHkoquUvma01NzREjRjx79gzLhBBCSlhp7FCFnvuRI0eGDBmCZZHJkycPGDBg1apV0LvHKkIIIXJSssmdDalra2svXLjQzc0Nazmufv36VatWbdy48dq1a6Ff/+rVK2wghBAiFzjsXTKePn366NGjpUuXwn+0efNmrM3NyMjIzMwMC1/B3NwcI2kuXLiAkQycnJwwksbFxQUjGQwaNAgjaVxdXTGSwbhx4zCSZsSIERjJwMPDAyNpZH+7/v33X4xkUEJv1+zZszGSplhvVwl9Z9atW4eRNLL/FopF9rerWK+rhN4u2X8LxXq7SuK3AGR/WFtbW4ykKdmeu4WFhZWV1cqVKzdt2jRnzhyszQ2aYmJisEAIIUQeSmPMHbRq1QqjfD5+/IgRIYQQOSmp5B4VFYWRyMKFCytVqsTiiIgIFgCBQADbetDBxzIhhBB5KKnk3qRJE11d3X79+n333XdaWlr37t3z9/dnTd27d4dE37dv3169emloaEDN/fv3WRMhhBC5KKnk/vHjx9OnT7dr187GxgaCnJycpk2bsqaQkJCjR49CfceOHa9evQpLijv1X6N27doYSVOs/87AwAAjafT09DCSqypVqmAkA9mneahevTpGMpDLB5RHhQoVMJKB7Ke5Fevtqlq1KkZyVULfGX19fYykkf23UCyyv13Fel1l/hMr1tsl+29B9tcFSuInRldiKhv29vawzsOCCnF2dnZ0dMSCChk5cuSRI0ewQJTB+PHjXV1dsaBCvvnmm3///RcLRSqlHaqEEEJKk6L33CVPfZI0ZswYjJQT9dyVC/XclY6y99wjIiJ8fHywIGH79u13797FQpFoWKZsUHJXLpTclQ4Ny9CwDCGEqCDquZeNoKCgZs2aYUGFREVF1a1bFwsq5OnTp5aWllggyiAkJKRJkyZYUCGy99wpuRNCiNKgYRlCCCnXKLkTQogKUvTkLiwENhNCiIrCZJcbtslA0ZM7u9xHfthMCCEqCpNdbtgmAxqWIYQQFUTJnRBCVBAld0IIUUGU3AkhRAVRcieEEBVEyZ0QQlQQJXdCCFFBij63zM2bNzHKrWvXrhiVG9Ep0XX062BB5NnrZ6FvQ/s17qfGyfPAf4FQwAJ1tc/rfqiULAKh6BwLVikZS4K/Eh2a+/npxX2IM9E1ke8TJkT1JCQkBAcHY0HCwoUL/fz8sFAkmjhMCaRlpVVeXRmC1F9TK2nhtRbVnNR6NejVskbLjb4bw2aF1Tesz+q/Hjxyh9odnr5+mvQxKWRmSOOqjf1i/Dru6+j7k6+tqS0uBKnfWR2+PNFzomvr197y75a5l+ZamVgFTg3EZo77K+CvKWentDdr7zMBrzngHeXd1ZVfKwud6FtHyJegicNUiunvpnmy4Va/rd3rdb/84+UNvTa4DnL97tB32JAP9KklA76DLa4pfL0Oefztwrf//PBPk604aarrQNdJnpNYDJ6/eW5axRQLIrCmeRD3AAsiE89M/HPAn1gQmX5u+pUxV7BASEn6MyDXd68couSuBJIWJWH0yc67O8e3Hs/invV7QqplMTPrwiyM4AN2wo8Ygjqb6miu0ITgRcqLCisrQAyd9JSMFLZAfn0b9sWI4wY0GfA44TEWOG68x/jtfbdj4RN7S/sFVxaw+HH843qG9Vgs9iThCTxbTXVNLBNSMm5F35p05nNfpHyi5K6UQt6E1DPA1GlUyYgFUl0bdy3HMefhzw/rbK6TvCgZ4sGWgyFNY3M+xhuMHZo6YEGU3/936X8svv3i9kCLgSwW2/Ttpk23N7H4x9M/7uq3i8XMieATver3guDNwjfvMt6xSkJKQud9neG+iC3a8qBcJ/f9D/ZD17X0bxFJEfgMvkK2MJsF4v2fUjWq2gjuW5i0gHsdLR24H2I5JOR1CN+WG/Tu4QaZ/cSwE1jFcS59XFz+dYFg051No1qMYpWSzA3Mc4Q5sBkB9w/jHn7b8FtsEBl7euy2vtsg0Kugt/DKQlZJiNxtvL2RBRdDL6ZlpbG4POIHYYky4By51MxUFjfa2mjLv1tYDNlZ01mTxczM8zMxEv1VngCI48MPDzfd3pTFYpJLMv+++Df5YzIE0PQk4QncwxqFFaOToyFwuePS52AfCPbc22O713bVzVWQyqHoGuja6a9OEKRnpcPCao5q7Jb/vyBEXuDbJb7V2FADa1WFra0tRtJI6bnHxcWZmJiIZppEZmZm797RNnUZm/3N7B13d7D4t1u/2Vvas5hpWLUhrAYguPjfRVYjL7v677LeY13PsF5hxzJObjvZL8Zv6fWl+wftxyqRLX5bvm3wrcBJwG4aahoJqQnYRoj8fHsw1/Zi3Ic4j2ceWChnCk3u58+fh1Res2bN9+/fL1my5OLFi1Azb968N2/e6OvrQ9Pdu3dx0ZKkUQhsLh/YYA4ElVdXZsG0dtMikiJY/d+P/z4+9LhoQTTNZpruGl1ocrrphFVyMsV6Snp2OqR4LBfEysSqkRE//iNp4ZWFW/puwQLHdarTCXr6WCBETqJToi+HXcbCJ/ZHc3V9lMXRo0cx2eWWlZWFS0hT8HHuV65c6dOnT2JiYtWqVbEqt1evXtWtWzciIgI68lhFCCFlCno/BQ6y/2L7y9bvtmJBycl+nDudxEQIUQUXQy8WdcKHqpw3V/bJHR42NjZ2w4YNISEhQ4YMmTBhglruC0SFhobOmzevQ4cO8+fPz9NECCF5ON0odIzRqRvf1P1Ad1YsUCuTVpv64HG6Sk325C79oIWVK1cKBPyhEUBDNNg9depUVizCzp07IWXXr1+/R48e6ur8yD5keWwTChs3bgw1nTp10tTkz2dJT0/HBkIIkaY8H20l+9EyUnruLi4uy5Yte//+PcQ1atR4/fr19u3bf/755/Dw8Hr18p5/WAQzMzPI9S9evID41q1bnTt3zsjI0NbWhiKsAOA5RETI4dBvQkh5oOakVm6nJ5Lb3DJubm7jx+MZjPHx8QkJCdBt79ev39ixY1mljOzs7D58+MBiWFvUqlWLZXawf//+yMhIFhNCCJELKckdutspKfzcI5mZmXDPDp7p2LHjy5cv+WZpRBsHQuiwHz58eMOGDazy5s2bLVrwJ0kybdq0gXtYc7AiIYSQrydlWCYnJ0dTU9PMzCwmJmbz5s2zZ8+GSiMjoz179jg4fJ51pDCLFy/Oyspyd3eH/P7o0aOmTZtCJawwoOMPHXa2jEAg0NDQ8PPzs7GxYTWSYNMBIxl06dLF3NwcC4QQFaViwzJnz559+/YtFqTZvn27jOcYST9aBtL6jh07rKysRo3C6UQgNe/evVtHh5+cREbDhg3z8PBg3X9I7gMHDoQia8rIyKhYsWJYWFj9+nKbkZwQosJozB0LRSqpQyHz8Pb27tq1K/u/WrVq9fHjx5AQnK8qICCgbdu20H+HpM9qCCGkCJTcsVAkmZK7l5dXUFBQTk4Oljnu+++/L9bRMnPmzNmyZQtkcIjd3d0dHBzE2Rx68fD4bGSfEEKkouSOhSJJT+4VKlTIzMxkx6qLnT59esCAAVgoiI6OzqhRo/r06QNJ3M3N7fz581u3bv3ll19Yq76+Pjzsjh07bty4sWvXLl9f3w4dOrAmQggpGiV3LBRJytEyU6ZMgeycnZ0N3XZJRWd2AJ3xjIyMuXPnzps3DxL906dPxZkdJCUlQecduvP3798PCAigzE4IIfIlpefeunXrbt26bdqkCqftEkJUA/XcsVAkKT33P//88++//8YCIYQQJSGl556TkzN27Fg1NbWVK1caGX2+VmelSpXYPDMlzdnZGaPcHB0dMSKElDPloef+5MkTd3d3LEg4d+6cfI5zZ4cwYkHCqVOn7O2Vcgp8QohyWX59+a3oWyzOzMn0feELQTfzbqyGqapT9eTwk1hQafI8WqbABeiYdEJIaXr78e3Q40N1tXXdBrsZrDWgMXeppIy5A8jj+WEbIYSUMP+X/vVd6v9267drY695jvTUr6CPDaRI0pM7WLhwoYGBgbq6up6e3syZM9m5SKRMpKdznTvDGpe//fEHVsoFe0xdXW7SJNhc42uio/maadNEzZ9Mn85XsnPOjh/n1NW5nTtFDZ/ExHBaWtzIkVgE797xf/LXX1gkREZHHh8xXGcYGBcYPjv8t16/YS2RjfRhGV1d3dTUVAcHhyZNmoSHhx87dgwqMzMzS2eHKskDku+2bRybhvnjR644E/xIAfkXvgtwq1+f09fnHjzg/PxgG5BvysnhkziA1bqmJr8M5P3atbktW7j9+7mgIPg+8K0MrHtq1uQSEjgvL6xZsYK7eJGLjORevcIaQooWnBg8+Njgvd/v7Vy3M1ZJoEMhsVAkKT33Q4cOQWbPyso6ceLEqlWr/v7775ycHB0dnd27d+MSpBT5+3NVq2JmB3ky+6FDnPiw1UGDMLC35+LjuQ4duIED+Rx9/TrXti33v/9ha36Q4kNCuIcPsQhMTblr1zCGbYVP08ehGjX4dP/oERazszlfX65vXywyTk6ctzcXG8s/AUKKdv6/8/pr9eH+2YxnBWZ2IiMpyX39+vXTpk1jF8MTmzNnjouLCxZIKbp0ie8X79nDTZ7M7duHlWKQ+sWHSHl6YuDhwbVpw99DV9rCgtu+ne9Eb97Mj6gU5uhRPsWLQbL+9luMp0/n/vwTYzHI+BMmYAx9+TzXcQkP56pV41cA8CDz52MlIflturPJcJ1hjiAnZXHKvA7zsJZ8KSnDMqNHj75z505YWBiWRdq1a1e9evXz589juSS5urpilJv4+lBfQzxuUPrs7DAolkmTuCNHuK1bucaN+djcnLtwAZvArFl8UmarXTbGwgLxoIq4csUK7vRpLjCQj8WgFXr0L15wJ07w92ZmOCwDf6KlxWVl8d152CCIiOCXFA/LwKoCvgjw+OyRIUhP5zcg9u/Ht/eHH7jmzbnFi/lxHtiASEvjKwmRNOWfKb7Rvu7D3ZtUa4JVRSoPwzLh4eE3b97EgoRdu3bJeJw7/CaLkpGRAcvMmDEjMzMTijk5OUuWLIGauLg4toBSg1dfVrcvM2OG8IcfMA4Pz/s4M2cKZ83CWNwkuYw4dnERNm2KsRi0ursLvbyEny6HLvz3X/yToUP5+xYthOfO8QFURkfzATxOnz580KWLcOlSfvkGDfiiq6tQNMEzDxaeP1+4YAF/gzghAesJSUlP6e3Wu9/hfu8z3mOVbOgC2bKQMiyjra3t6em5Y8cOCNTU1DQ0NNasWXPgwAETExNcQpnBl6Ssbl+mfXvuyROMoYP86TK0qGJFLikJ4y8zeDDXtSvfMc/j+HG+U//4cd7BdLGdO7nff+c76Xn2xdy+zRkbc506cR078rc+fbipU7GJlGcBsQHmm81/u/XbhdEXzo46q6utiw1EfqQkdzBgwACBQBAVFeXr6xsZGQkrhDFjxmAbKV2QfB8+5EdCXr7kevbkli3DegYyL2Th8HBu7VqskaPNm/MOpktq1oxf2URE8M9K0syZ3Jw58BXC25Yt/HAQKc+OPD5SYWWF+6/uR86JXN1jtbqa9BREvoyUd7ZHjx7N4IfLcXXq1OnQoUPdunVZPSkT0DcPDeVT5OjR/Mj70qVYz0Cne80a/mgWfX1u6FCslLzS7YgRGFhbf15ATNwqZmrKjRuHMbTu2YMx9ND19PigRQuuVy9RlWg3LDwlxsKC76SDevW4hQtFVSKNG/P/b2oqFkm5stp7dY2NNapVqpaxLGNS20lYS0qMlB2qw4YN09fX37t3L5YJIaQ4MrIzJv8zOfRt6Knhp0x05TOcS8e5Y6FIUpJ7dna2trZ2VlYWnbJECCmWmHcxDscdGhg2cB3kqq2RewfR16HkjoUiSUnuISEhP//8840bN+zs7ExhK/2TuXPntm7dGguEECLBN9p3yLEh022mL+2yVF5TUXXf3x2jfK6Pu45ROSC35H7//v0Cjyh3cXHp3r3Q95oQUj7t8t81/8r8fQP3DWs2DKuIXMktuRNCiCwCYgMcjjkccThia2aLVaQEyG1uGcDOY5KUv4YQUm4dDzpuuM7w3qt74bPDKbMrDinJfe7cuVZWVlj4pEuXLhMnTsQCIaT8EXLCyf9M1lml8zHr47Bmw5IWJU1uOxnbiGKQktwvXLgwSDzB4CeDBw/2KsNpWQghZUcoFFput2yyrckf3//xcelHHS35zTpN5EpKcre2tv5bPI3sJ8eOHWvYsCEWCCHlw/uM95VXVx5yfMjTGU+f//Ica4mikrJDFVrV1dVv377dvn17VvPff/81btw4Nja2Ro0arIYQotqev3lusc3i0JBDo6xyT+dPSp3cdqiqqaktWbKkQ4cO/IVTRSCzz507lzI7IeXBjrs7NJw1oJMncBJQZlcush4K+ffff/v4+ED/vZRnDbtx4wZGuXXr1g0jQoi8CTnh8OPDL4VdipsXR6PqZSIhISEoKAgLEhYtWuTn54eFItFx7oSQzwRCQT2XelV1qgZOzX0xF6IYvnZYJicnJy0tjd8WEwggyA/qcVFCiEp4nfZazUlt/uX5UXOiKLOrgIKT+/Xr1ytXrhwfH3/r1i0I8vMUX6OzcGzdAOuJ/BsHUCMJawkhZcE32lfdSf1uzF2hk/D3b3/HWqLkSmpYplatWrGxsWqiOYPgvzA3N4+IiGBNgYGBbdq0YTETFxenGpd2Kj3wqcGNXRpVXsRbY/CpiSd7YpV5/iOoFC8jGYvl/6sCH4eUtRxhjvYK7YT5CUaVjLCKKDZ5Tj/wZczMzKDbzrx//z4yMnL69OnYJiLqsiPK7MVWoQIn90mYtbXxBil41KfjIuB/gVt6OhbBjh18DTu17eNHPs6TsmGtw/5KEhQ1NTEmCiA6JVrdWX3PvT05jjmU2VWSTMk9Kyvr7NmzHhLi4+OxrRB3795l3Xagq6vbqFGj69fL0bScJevECbzQUbGIN9FYr79Ab99y2dl865EjXFoaVrZtm+vCfTNm5L2OX5MmnJsbxmDDhrxXSvXx4Wxs+IeNisIaUnb23t+r4awBW1sCR8G0dtOwlqge7DwXTl3ULxMd4/7ZqVOnsFk28CA9evRgcUBAADzg4MGDIeNv3LgRuvasnsiKfWr5P7uoKKGODsZVqwpfvuSDmjWFt28L1dT45Vu2FC5dCh8GH7u5iZaToKEhTEnBGJZ/+5YPYMns7M//1717QgsL4dq1wgED+GJaGt8Ej29sLGoWYQuL/wQ0by68cUO4apWwVy+sIaUOfmgDjwzUcNLIyM7AKqKEbG1tMZJGSs99xIgRbDnR+Mpn9vb2uIQM9u/fD38C/X0sc5yWlpaxsXGnTp3mz58Pef/9+/fYkA/732WEfyM7+JMyuX2N8eO5bdswltGAAfyQN/y/Dx/yFzDNyeFvRZyvEBjIL2xoiEWg++ni9CNHcvmvudi+PZeQANt3fOzryzVvLqqV8OQJZ2fHzZrFXbmCNaQUCYQC099NW+xq4THCI9sxW74XRSJfD/OXbPBvZIF/UQhYS8ybNw8LXyQQMgUH6WgblvOpVKmSqakpFkqTE3+drrK5hYfjcyiupCRh5coYw+PkUVjPPSJCVCUUamsL373DOP+fQ8+dPT3o2qenYyUUoee+dy9fk5nJ9+hBnp47+N//hIMH8wH8d35+fCB+/OPHhXZ2GGtqCi9exJiUvKSPSZrOmnMvzcUyUX6y99ylJPfXr19rwG/+Sz19+hQy+5IlS7BckAMHDkhdxxAEKRXeK8nbhQvYBCC5V6yI8Zcld/GwjBgsBskdDBokXLRI+PPPfJw/ucPDQpCaitkfiB+/UiU+Ft+srLCelKTb0bfVnNTOhZzDMlEVchuWMTIy2r17t5aW1uXLl8MkfPz4EZcoXGRkpKWl5ezZs1evXo1VBclim/NEFp6ekDLxBuBecs+qoeHnw1qSkzGQFw8Pbt06budOLOZRpQpXuTLXtCn3yy9Yw2Rk8Dtmxc85M5N7/BibSAmAd3n59eUazhpWJlYCR0Hfxn2xgZRDmOQLB5kdFsMdqZ9I3aEaGxsLfzV16lQsS4AVA0Yi8GiNGzfGApFdgZ+dri7fd9bU5PdwyrfnrqPD7xdl8vfcgadnrsdk8W+/fR6TYSpXxr8lciUQCFrtamW41jArJwuriCqSvecu5SSmyZMn7927F743kIKxSjYaGhrwV1gQqVq16ps3byCoV68edOrr1KmTkZERHx8Pj5yTk1PcxyeEMAKhQH+tfguTFr4/+WIVUV1yO4np3r178+bN+4LMy2YdkMQyO4iIiAgNDf3hhx8mTJjw6tWrL1hzEEJAcnqyprPm9rvb3y95T5md5CGl5w5d7KZNm6aJz2chhCiAE0Enhp8cHjglsGWNllhFyge59dzr1KmzdOnS6tWrx8TEpErIM+RCCCkdM8/P1HDW6Ne4n8BRQJmdFEFKz93b27tr165YkHDq1Klincf0xeAJYJRbly5dMCKkfPCN9u28r3O2Y7a6mpQ+GVEBCQkJ7FDyPBYsWEAX6yBERaz2Xr38xnKau5EA2YdlKLkToqDgt9nZtXNEUsTLuS+xipR7XzvmHhQUJDXpwwLv3r3DAiFEftKz06uvr97FtcutCbcos5MvU3Byb9as2YQJE9TU1IyNjRcvXnzt2rXw8PDQ0NDLly/PnTvX0NAQmmbOnFmlShX8A0LIV3MPdjdcZ7j73u6KmhUTFyT6TPDBBkKKr6hhGYFA4OTktGnTptTUVKziOD09PUj3CxYsYFMBE0K+3hqfNb/f/v2Iw5HeDXpjFSEFoTF3QpRAZk7m1H+m3o+9f3LYyUZGjbCWkMJRcidEob16/2r4ieGmVUxdB7nqaOlgLSHSyO0kJkKIfN15cafO5jo77u7wmeBzdOhRyuykhFByJ6SUuD1wM1xnGJ4UHj0nenWPoubBJuTrUXInRLqurl2/ZgBz8dXFdTfXbWTUKGlR0g8tfsBaQkoSJXdCpMjIzvCO8v79zu9YLg73YHdYMUxrNy1qTlT72u2xlpCSJ2WHqrW1tYGBwdWrV7FMiMrZF7gPo9xGNh/JBsSNfjN6+/EtBBnLMmS/uvQanzUbfDccG3qMjm4kciS3HaodO3bU19fHAiGqqEe9HuKb20M3cczyeEBsAMvsoPO+ziwo2uQzk612Wg1tOjRpURJldlJWpB8Kqamp+ebNG0rxpDz47tB3F0ZfwIJIxZUVM3IysMBxbxa+qapTFQu5JaYmOhx3MNMzcx3kKnsHn5BikVvP/e7duzVr1jQwMKhYsWJdCVeuXMElCFFdS64tkczsoNbGWhhJuP3ids2NNbf6bb0x7sbhIYcpsxNFIKXnHhYWtmXLFixImDRpkpWVFRZK0sGDBzHK7ccff8SIEPnJ03NXd1IXcnl/IF7jvLqa40UODj069JPnTzv77fypzU+shhC5iIyM9PEpYHKhbdu2QZ8bC0WiM1QJ+UwyudvstfF/6c/iPASOguU3lrs9dDsx7ISNqQ3WElLy5HyGKqwALl++7OHhgWVCVN27jHeFZXZgsM5ghs2MqDlRlNmJwpLec581a9bWrVtZzBbW1NSMj483MqKLwhBVI+65+8X45Rltj0mJGecxbkyrMWNajoFil7p0oUdSBuTWc4+JiYHMHhoaKrkOaN68+caNG7FAiCqyNbOF9M1uqZmpA/4e8PL9y4xlGX8O+JNV4nKEKCopyX306NH9+/dv0KABlkUcHBxOnjyJBUJU107/nbprdN9nvk9enDy/43w1NTVsIEThSUnumZmZ+Y9wDwgIoDEZotrmX57faGsjG1ObD0s+DGs2DGsJUR5Sxtxfv35dvXr1rKwsTU1N6LbAwgKBQENDIzIysm7durgQIariu0Pf6VXQ61C7w6xvZmEVIYpE9jF36TtUa9WqFR8fP3HixD/++OPHH388dOiQoaHhmzdvsLmEOTs7Y5Sbo6MjRoR8KTUn6cMsQicpPxBCSsKTJ0/c3d2xIOHcuXMyHufOHwAj1caNG6H/Dj13fX395cuXYy0hyi/ufdzkM5P11+pv99sOxT4H+7B6QhSTra0tRtLQSUykPIr/EL/8xvJjQceWdVk285uZWuparD7/3DKEKBS5HQrp7e3dunVrLHxSq1at06dPY6Fwd+7cWbx48ZQpUw4fPoxVEi5cuDB16tTVq1dnZmZiFSElLCU9Zd7leZVWV9pzf8/2ftuTFyXP7TBXnNkJUSUynaGaB9/hl3ZMmImJSceOHQMDA9PT08ePH1+xYkXJJN6+ffv+/funpaW5urpCU2JiIjYQUgJYTtdfq7/Fb8vKbivTfk1b3nU55XSi2godlrl06dK7d++CgoL279+/YcMGrOU4SMS//PJLZGRk7dq1saogx44dGz58OIsFAoGmpiZk8zNnzkDx9u3bkPdfv37Njqe0tLTMyMgIDw8XLUuI3HzM+rju1rqtflt/bvfzsi7LZLkUNQ3LEAUn+7BMoTtUGzZsiEvkBn12BwcHXEhmjRs3trCwYHG3bt1q1KjBYnDjxg14WCwQ8tXSMtOWX19usNZg8dXF0GfHWtnQDlWi4OS2QzUrKyspKcnY2BjLX+T58+dNmjS5du1a9+7doQirhxEjRhw5coS15uTkQL/+wYMHLVu2ZDWEFNe7jHdWO60SUhNu/3S7dc28e4lkRz13ouDkeZw7EAgEkIujo6MXL17Miurqsg7Ww+pBW1vbzs6O9dABJPexY8fu37+fFdlZUX5+fjY2BUyw5+3tjZEMLC0tq1evjgVSDsC393jQ8VHuo+5Nvvc1OV2Mkjspfffv3//w4QMWpFmwYAFkSywUje++F6lp06awGNuDymqgox0XF8fiomVnZ8NfWVlZYVkEagYNGoQFoTA9PR1qoHePZUKkgQ7B0cdH1RzV+hzskyPIwVp5oGEZouBkH5aR0gF/9uxZcHAw9L7h54RVHAePLssJovDoWlpa9evXf/ToEVaJNG/e/OnTp1jgOHh8uC9siJ8QMSEnvBR6SdNZs8WuFkObDRU4CaCXra72JUd8EaLypAzLQB6HnrurqyvE0HlnC69bt27v3r1hYWGiRQoGS2poaJiZmUVHR2PVJydPnhw6dKj4/7W3t79y5YrsWyWkvIGcfjn0cr/D/SyrWwZODdRU18QGOVF3Knj18Greqxq6NbBAiGKQ25i7nZ1dtWrV2AS/4uT+7bffpqWlFXh9PzHos2dnZ3ftipeaBHp6euxQSKApEhAQsH79+gMHDvj7+1tbW7MmQhjI6UEJQa13tzatYvp85nO66jQhQG7JPTIysl69epCmoRvOkjtQV1f/77//ih5ImTx5suRIDqhcubLktbaHDBni6elZsWJF+C9g/YG1pNyjnE5IEeR5tAwk8bCwMMjC6enp0N2GRG9kZPT69WtsJkROolOiG21tVFmrcszcmEpalbCWECJB9uQufWdUaGhocHAw9NYBdN59fHwosxM5gpxeYWWFquuqVqtULWNZxttFbymzE/L1pPfcyxZsK2CUGzvIkiiv5PRk099NM7IzXvzvRc0qNbGWECJy9OjR0aNHY0FCy5Yt79+/j4UiyZTc+YH23ItBLx4jQooDvkj7H+yfdGYS5XRCvoA8h2WqVasGqVwjN1mm/CVEDHL6ln+3qDupjzg5Ynzr8dmO2ZTZCSlRUpK7s7PzmzdvPnz4IOq7f2Zvb49LEFI4Ifc5p8/6ZpbASXBs6DFsI4SUJCnDMs2bN+/Ro4fkIYyESAU53T3IfdiJYV3Mu3iN88JaQshXk9uwzPr16//55x8sEFIkyOkng06qOal129/NoZkD9NMpsxNSVqQk9759+2ppac2ZM4eNxohhMyGinO4d6Q05vc3uNpDThU5CyumElDnpO1TV1NRcXFxEh7l/RjtUCfB/6c9yehfzLpDTA6cGYgMhpKxJGXPfunXrrFmzYmJiTE1Nsap0eXkV3Ae0s7PDiJS6h3EPW+1uZW5gHjw9WJZr1xFCiishISEoKAgLEhYtWiTjfO5SknuzZs0gje7YsQPLpByLSo4ydzGnnE5IGZLbDtWlS5eKr6BEyidY/U87N636+uq62rpCJ2HE7AjK7IQoPinJfeTIkR8/ftyzZw+/F1UCNhPVBZ/y0utL1Z3UF15ZuLPfzsQFiUaVjLCNEKLwpCR3b2/vyMjIqVOn4o7UT2iHqqoS5/Sfz/28qvsqgZNgfe/12EYIUR6KPnEYKR1CTrj33t6pZ6cOaz7sqMNRrCWEKBh5zi1DVBjk9D/u/QH99JEnR062ngz9dMrshKgGmhWyPIKcfuLJiREnR/Ru2Pv8D+fpGtOEKAt59ty7d+8OqRxng/yk1Mbc2XolP2wmxQE5/fiT49BPH3JsCJse4OLoi5TZCVFMmOxywzYZSPlhL1++/Pbt2/CITk5Oc+fOZY9esWJFW1tbXKKEqRUCm4k0YW/DxpwaY7LBZMfdHfDZDWs+DHL6qeGnKKcTouAw2eWGbTKQ8gs/efLklClTIIAHTU5OZpVQM2bMGBaTLxMQG4BRyUhMTZx0ZpLBOoOLoRf32++Pnx8/3WY6JXRCyg8pv/ZWrVpFRERA0KlTJ3d3d1YZHh7+4sULFpMv03ZP2xxBDhbk6uiTo5bbLd0euu3uvzt5UTLldELKJyk7VGNiYmrXrs2Wgc771KlT9fT01q9ff+HChT59+rBlSHFZbLcIeR0yymrU4SGHseqrnXt+bvG1xUY6Rut7rW9n2g5rCSGqRfYdqtKPlgkKCrK0tFRXV4dH7NevX0pKyty5c3/77TdsJsWUmJpovMGYxe+XvNfV1mXxl4Gc7nzTubJWZUc7RztzmkyNqDJvb27sWIwzM7nsbK5SJSwuXMhNnYqxapNncifypbdG733mexZXr1Q9YUECi4vFK9Jr+Y3lWTlZa3uupZxOyqEHD7ioKG7gQCyWH3QSk4I6GXRSnNlBYlri8zfPsSADyOnd9ndr/2f7jOwM7/HedybeocxOCClQwT33K1eu9O7dOzY29vnz5127dsVaCadOnSqda2S7urpilNv48eMxUipaK7SyBdlY+EToJGXjyS/Gz8nL6UXKi5XdV9pb0qXJCZHecz94kPvxR4yVUXh4+M2bN7EgYdeuXXfv3sVCkQpO7vHx8V5eXgMHDkxLS4NEj7USunTpUrNmTSwQ2Qw7PuxE8AksSPjj+z8mtZ2EBQninO7UzcmhqQPWEkKkJfc7d7gOHTiVHHKmMXdFpOZU6AkImcsytTS0WBycGOx0w8n/lb+TndPYVp/2HxFCJBSd3LW1uawsbsAAztMTa1SGAo25f/jwIT09HQsiAoEAKiWp9gomMjkSbrU31cZyQXq69YScDl37ei71/F/6Hx92PGJ2BGV2Qr7Apk18ZgdnznCvX4uqyqWixtyxUBCpY+4hISFt27ZNTU2FuG/fvufOnWP1IDAwsE2bNlgQiYuLMzExwYLKcXvohhHHjT099oD9ASxw3JiW/Im+fwX8teLmiiWdl0yx5k8GJoTk5+iIARMXxyUncxYWWGScnflDJCtUwCIwN+dEZ2Gqjq8dloHedBRs84iMGzfu7du369evb9KkSXh4+KJFi6Dr7e/vX6VKFbZAgeLj42Hh9u3ba2lpwXoif3Ivn8NBak5q4t2nLKfbmNo42jk2N27OKgkh+QUGchcucFev8oe69+zJ9ejBVa/OGRoWMCzTrx93/jzGzKVLXJE9VSUje3IvdNpFxsfHR1dXFwuf1K5d28PDAwvSaGpqQs8dCyIBAfy0KlgoZzhH7kTQieY7mvc/3N//pT/WEkJyu3lT6OgoNDERNm0qnDlTeOaMMDUVm5jAQGH+JBQTAz2nvDdtbWxVDba2thhJI2WHKnSx7ezsNm3ahGWR1atXu7m5hYSEYLlIhfXcO3XqFBsbC2shFxeXatWqYZtq6XOwT2ZOJhZEbkTe6GbeDQsiQ5oOmW4zHQuElEvPn3MXL3JeXtzly1yzZlyfPlzXrvxNQwMXyK/AHarQnS9wkH3xYm7NGoyVndx67lOmTNHOt+IzNjYeNmwYFqQpsOfer1+/ffv2/fHHHw0bNoTn8ODBA2xTddBzx4iQ8iolRXjsmHDCBGGDBkIzM+GYMUJXV+GrV9gqo/w994sXc3XY89xUhtx67gCys46OjqOjo4WFxX///bdy5cqkpKS0tDSoxCWKlL/nngfkd3jAN2/eYFmlSY65E1JO+Phw169zN2/yt549+Y65nR3XujW2fpn8PfcJEzAo0DffcJMnY6zUvnaHqqScnBx7e/t//vmHFXv16uXp6SljZgdSk/vff//9ww8/SH0aysvO9fMMATejbnat+/mMX6/xXhgRoiqio3GM5dIlrnZtPpX36sWPsWhq4gJyIfUMVVUlz+T+laQmdxcXlzlz5qhwcpdEPXeiep484W7c4A9lgduQIVy3bnzHvF49bC0hlNylKoPk7uXlZQcfvkhqamqVKlVsbGxk3UWg5Ci5E2WXlMTv9rx2jU/lamr8UYbdu/M3IyNcoOT4+/NT+xZo0iRu5EiMVVvZJ3eBQKCRe1e3mpoaVEJQr169yMjIOnXqZGVlxcbGmpiYvHr1Sl29XMxPOcFzwr6B+7BAiMLLyeFu3eKHWa5f5x4/5kfMoWMG9y1a4AKklClEzz3PrAOgYsWKLHj+/HlgYCAEHTt2NDMzY5WEkDL39Ck/xgKpHDrmDRpgxxwSuhZOfUTKmAINyxBCFNmpU7jz8/177ttv+Rtkc2O8VhhROHJL7mvWrPH39z99+jSWCSHKLCaG75jDDRJ6Tg7Xty83cSLXti22EsUnt+TepUuXtm3bbt68Gculzs3t86xbksaM4afcIoQU7eZNfsT88mUuNJQ/jgU65r178+MtRMFFRET4+PhgQcL27du/6mIdYi9evGjSpElaWhqWCSEK7PlzfoItSOVwa9+ez+Zdu/Ij5uXjeIVyQW499+Tk5PHjxwcEBPz6669169bFWtGcM9WrV8cCIaQsJCbi6UJwy8ri50qEXjn0zatWxQWI6pFbck9MTLwIX598unfvbmpqigVCSEmC32h4OH+It7s73wf/9Vdu+XI5n/BJlAUdLUNIMdjbcx4eGOdR+r8P+B8zM7nVq7mVK/mzhIyM+Fg15kUhX0/25C7TUBysANzd3devXy8usoAQ1XD6NJ9S2W3Ros8x3EqBQMAfj2hpyffKNTT4ky0/fOBWrOD/d2hKTKTMTr6E9OTeunVrdXX1oUOHLvx05q+2tnZ8fDyLCSHFAik7NpYbM4bvlUM2b9eOPzBx8GD+7CFI5Tk53J9/lsap/ETlSUnuISEhDx48yMzMZDMHMG3btnVycsJCCYOthAJhMyEKD346mzZxlSvzqVxfn9uxg6tZk3Nzw465vz+/I5SQ/DDZ5YZtMpCS3MeMGTN27Fit3KceDxo06PLly1goYWqFwGZCFAxL2atW8QMskM3r1uVevuT+9z8uNZWvT0nhZszAJQkpGia73LBNBlKSu46OTip8K3Pz8vKqCX0PQoioY/7331yjRjhi/uuvXHY2t3QpP8ACTVFR/JzmhJQ+Kcnd1dX15MmTkmMysF1w6dIlqMcyIeUJdMyDgvgLULAR806d+BHzUaO4//7jUzkk9DVrOG1tXJiQMiQludcT0dDQ0NPTg6K2tra6urqBgUEj6KgQourYGAvkay0tPpUbGnJ//cVfwfniRWy6dYtGzImCkuk49ydPnrRr1y4jIwOy/NWrV7t2/XyhOEKU2tu33MOHGDN79/Ld8Hv3+LhpU27jRs7amr+sPiGKQJ7HuUP2b968+cePHwUCQVZWFmT2Yu2xJURhwRcZbqdP85PcQgd80CAuMJDfBervj01BQdx33/GZfR9dYYUoGynJ3dvbu02bNlj4xNTUlCYBJkoHknVsLDd1Kg6XQ8resYM/onzrVr5JIDqU5X//w4Xz+Okn7sULjAlRCtJ77vlBz72cXBWPKC/I12Fhn88VMjXlx1tq1uR278ZUnpgo61GJnTvz93XqiAqEKIlCx9x37doVFxcXFRV18eLFKVOmYK1oEmBXV9fY2NgaNWpgVUm6efMmRrnRuD+RBN/iJ084Z2d+ai3I5g0acI6O3OjR2Fosixdza9dizIiPLd6zh2YCIKUkISEhODgYCxIWLlzo5+eHhSIVmtwbN24cGhoKASyQ58j5WbNmleHlOwiB7yzc1q3js3lWFmdlxafywYOx9SvlSe7Vq3OvX2MMcnL47QBCyoocdqg+f/5cIBB4eXm1bt0aAkmU2UlpgjwuEJ3zyY5H1NDgli3jTxRasoTLyOCbHj6UW2bPIyYmV2YHHTpgQIiCk9IJ6dKlS0BAABYIKXmQylNSuHnz8PR9uIdeOWTwpUv5TjoE0HeGRF86JwrlvxwdbBAnJ2NMiCKTaQvT3d29VatWDSVcvXoV2wj5CpDKX7zgr9HMdnsaGnKwWVilCn90OTt9H+5XrCjxC1OwcR52ExddXPh51fODJ0mI4pN+EpOmpqZAIGCHx8DCEEONh4dHv3792AKEyIglzTNn+ItjQDavXZvvlU+YgK1l6Phx7tkzjMXguRXm8WOueXOMCSlNcrsS05YtW2bPng3LODs7v3//fiN0qKC3r66enJzMJiQgpDDwzcrI4Gcnd3bm3rzhs/n48XzGVIqJtFq25A+/KQJsUhBS+uR2huqePXumTZsGgZqaWlpaGqscL8JiQhhI5e/e8aPhbOJyDQ1u1ix+ntsZM/gjytkACyR6ZZki8eFD/gkXcSNEwUlJ7ubm5h8+fICgWbNmZ8+eZZXQc3/w4AGLS5pGIbCZlBFI5dAZnzcPx8p1dPguuZYWv9uTTVwO6W/rVrqiECFf6OjRo5oFycrKwiWkkTIsA0m8TZs2AvixijrvV69erVWrVtOmTXft2jV16lS2DFF58B2JjeWPK9+2jU/lVarwV98v7Ex9QkjJkduYO7hy5Ur37t2hs+zm5jZu3DhYvk6dOlFRUdhMZFPEhryibYfANwLW5rt384eLhIXxffP+/TlPT2wlhJQhuY25Qyrv2bMnGwYZM2YMdOGhRvbMDsunpaVlZGRgWUJ4eLiDg8OGDRukrl1UA7yF4lujRrmKZYul8rVrORMTvleuqcmNG8dFRnLTp3++AAVldkKUjpTk3rx58+HDh2OhOO7du6empgZrhcqVKw/Od/qghYVFgwYNYmNjf/31V3V19QKzPykJLJU7OfGj5Gy35y+/8KPnixdz8fF8U3Y2d+BAASfvEEKUi5TkfuHChXPnzmGhOKytraFLDjTznX+ycuXK58+fQ5Ovr29mZua6det0INMQubp5k8/g3bvz6btrVz6+fp1P3Gz/JxQ/fsRe+fbtdCUKQlSQlDH35OTkcePGPX78ePHixXUk5jxt27atkWxHQmhpafXu3VtyDVGjRg1zc3PxsFFYWFjDhg2zsrLyrwZUVf36XHg4xnLx9Cl/JU9I6HAzMOC6deOGDeNzOuRxQogqkdsOVW9v7wIn1z116pS9vT0WipQ/uaupqQ0fPvzo0aOsmJ2dDcs8ePCgZcuWrEblfWVyf/z4cyo3MeFTuZ0d16ULZ2yMCxBCVJU8j5b5SgUm97Fjx+7fv58VBQKBhoaGn5+fjY0Nq5F08OBBjGTQuXNn2CbAggKD5P7gASfjGb4BAZjKvb3560VAKoe1LdzoEHKiEN694+bMwTiPbdu4SpUwJoU7e/ZsUlISFqTZtm3b3bt3sVCksknuAwcO9PDwYMWMjIyKFSuGhYXVh5xXPsALjYzkx7vVcs2Tz/Pz+5zKLSw+p3Ka64EQAuRwKOTy5cu1tbXzp/5Tp05BdmanNX0ZKyurZxKzNAUFBcF9vXr1WLE8yM7mj1pZtIifEPHAAX7mrAYN4DPjJyiH9fesWdyFC/x5nvfv85Mjfv89ZXZCiu/T2EC5VWjPHTL78+fPCxzl0NPTu3DhQseOHbFcpPw995MnTw4dOhRWD7CSgCL04r28vFJSUlir6nF15SetlQTddkl16/L3eSoJUQKy9MkiIjAoTbD9270734dSOXIYc2fdc5Z/8xg7dmxERIS3tzeWCwIPyyYXO3jwYK1atXr06AEP5Qp5TkRfX79ixYo7duy4cePGzp07fX19O5SbK9wYGXFv32JsackVdJVEQhRJZiZsX/O7icLC+JmRHz7kQkO5pk35yxvCfePG/H2LFriwgtDW5q/t8t133PnzWKMq5JPcC2tasWKFm5sbu8JqYeBvp0+fjgUReEDI5izOycmZMWOGp6enmZnZrl272rZty+pV3p07ea/TFhPDX5ifkDL24QOftZ8+5W+PHvHpOz6e7320bMmn72bN+LhhQ1xYwW3YwC1YgHFiIletGsYqQT7JPTU1tVJBO7stLCw6d+68d+9eLBOZVahQwMV9VHHbkSgqSNyQxKEPHhLC+fvzYyZdu/JZ28KCz+MQsFFC2cFaAZJpgRYv5ipWxLjUwA8MfmZitWtz0dEYqwQ5JHcjIyNI4r6+vlj+JCUlxcDAIC4uzsTEBKuIbP73P/4acvl5enIDBmBMyNfKyODu3uXTNyTue/f4njgEkLjh1qAB16QJZ23NH7BV0IirKujdm7tyBWPmn3/4qe9UhRySe1JSUtWqVRs0aPDnn3926dIFOvKJiYlbtmxZs2aNtbW1P6zzS4WzszNGuTkWcQ00RaWuXmgnPSeHziZVBseOcV801ZL8xcTw6Ts8nO99P3vGp+/YWM7Ghk/f0Adv0YK/L09HoCF4H/IfUa2tza/wlM2TJ0/c3d2xIOHcuXNyOM49Ojq6SZMm6enpWBaZPHnynj17sEBkBt0m2CAuzPjx3L59GBPFVcrJne3JhBukb/GeTDs7Pmu3a8enb0hkxR1FUW3VqvHT4OU3Zw63aRPGSk4OPXexd+/e3blzJzk5GRJ9y5YtoQuPDeRLwU9SvnPLkBLk5YUBuH6dP8COMTOTzw5G8Z7M58/5y7ZC8OoVf/ltNopiacl3w5VlT2bZ8vTkBg3COD9YU2ppYazM5JncidxRclcmN29iAG7c4E8aZiC5yz4z8suX/Oz4wcH8xECQviF+945r1YrP3dABb9qUD6gP/pV++gmDAllbcz//jLEyo+SucGAzOjERY/ils8Mf2VYQbHBL7t4niqvoYZkC92RC7u7Rg++JQ/pu3JirWRMXJuSLUHInpARAcu/ene+Aw5bXo0f8DQLxnkzxUHg53JNJSgsld0K+DvTB27fnL2jCwLaVrS1/SFOexL15M6evjzEhJY+SOyEy+PiRHwRnfXC4PXvG73Zr1Yo/r4cdGC5O5Xp6XFwcf8S0ghwKScor1Unu+wo5QnDChAkYESIVOxDl4UM+fQcE8EPhTZvyubtZM9yrWfTOzDNnuIED+f0kv/9OyZ2UjvDwcC/JI7U+2b17t6LM505IKUlI4HvfT5/ySTw4mL83NsY5rZo354fCv2wKI3NzfmpmNj5TrRpXubKoVnRsxrJlGBNSWmhYhqguSLVhYfyYOMvjkNDbt+fTN8vj0A2X7/UGf/yRO3QIY0C/F1KmKLkTJSc+rJCl7/Bw/vIlkL7hZm3NH5rSrl0pXcItz1l7bm58uiekjFByJ0oiMpJP4sHBOEkhZHO2J5Olb+iGl+1FcevWLWBOwawsTlMTY0JKFyV3omCeimYJf/yY36V5/z4/hA3pu3Nn/mzdFi34m4YGLqk4YmL4CWPz69ePO3sWY0JKFyV3UhZevsQkzo5LefKEH/62suKPSGEjKpDElUjlylxaGsZ5vHvHVamCMSGliJI7KTGZmXzWfvCAv4c8HhzMvX/PD6FA7m7eHM+zNzLChZXXzp1c7kuJ5aKnx6nuVX+JIlOd5K5ZyOBmdnY2RkRe4JvAbrt3c+7u/CRZamr8rXZtbsyYvBf5JoSUpKNHj44ePRoLElq2bHn//n0sFIl67uUM+7gFAu7WLe7gQf6WlYVJ/Pvv+b5qz56i5QghioiGZRTeixcF76yTF9YHDw7mTp/mbw8e8JWQwdu3569DNmsWzYhCiDKi5F7CQkP5mUY6dcLiF4A8K5d3niXxJ09gK447dYo/z551wxcs4JO4nR0uRghRCbInd7pw5xf58KHgq3nJqE4d/t7BQVSQAaRvgYCf5eqvv/h8DblbXZ0/dtDMjFuyhO+Vt2jBrVnDH6ACi+XkcNnZfJEyOyHlGPXcZXbgACc5Wxm8b5BkGcinsoM/VFcXsPXq+/ecri6rxj443Ly9+XnDDx7ksznrhtvbcyNHcoMH45IKDL5OKnkhRlV9XSpMIBCoq+JV56nnXgLGjuWTOLvdv88PZIuLxaKnB3dDWFylCn9dR9YN79CBW7+ev35mt2788SqpqZ+74SdOKEVmBytU9KCaUaNGYUSUxE9FX3WvHKDkXmKgDw7Z+ckTztmZa9SIz+Bwg97fhw+4ABMZiUn8zh1u0aKS3ctKCCk3FD253ygENpc5lsEhNR88yB9ECLmbdcPNzfn5YG/d4k/qcXTkL4gMi8Et/3aimRkGhBDySUJCAia73IoxkA6LEiliY4Vqanlv8NblqZHqu+/4vxLdBn0K+Nvff+MCys/JyQkj1TJixAiMiJIYN24cRqrF1tYWI2loWEYGNWpgv1t8CwjgPDzyVkp14QIGeYwaJdOfE0KIzMomuQtyw9qvU0/mS85fvHgRIxk4OztjJM2WLVswKlCtWnjoC7sByWLhh8zv378fIxmMHz8eI2lGjhyJkQw8PT0xkh8/Pz+MZGBvb4+RNMV6u+bMmYORXMntO5Pbb7/9hpE0sv8WikX2t6tYr6uE3i7ZFevtkv23IPvrAiXxEyuD5B4QEKChoaEpIT4+HttU2KtXn/v4cBs0KFfx9m1cjBBC5KHMhmWw0y5iYmKCtYoMuoTijnbr1nx2FhcJIUTB0Ji7zMaN44+NYbfAQH7MXVwkhBAFU2bJ3dDQUF1dvUuXLtBzxyolQr11QohiK4Pkrqam1qBBgyNHjpw6derevXsaGhqhoaHYlg8e1CODYi38tVq0EA4YgPEXKdVnq/zo7SoWeruKRbneLni2Mir7uWVq1qyZnp6elJSEZUIIIV+t7MfcN23alJycjAVCCCHyUPbJnfrshBAid2UwLBMWFtagQQMWCwQCDQ0Na2trf39/VkMIIeTrlUHPvUePHmqfQGavUKECZPYDBw5YWVk5OzsXtrLJycm5mxvUYJsCg7UXPFVYn2G5EPCqW7duPXLkSGV5UUePHm3evLlDkdcb+eWXX5pJgOWxQVHBp3Dy5Mk2bdosW7ZMaqdnw4YN8I11cXHBsgKD13L16lUbG5uie1GwDc1+WWLYoKjgdZ0/fx7ySYsWLTZu3Fj0R5aVlTV8+PBp06ZJ/WTLHDxDHx+fvn37wk9myZIlRRxP+ODBAz8JgYGB2MDAA5U+eLq3b9++c+cOK6qLzJgxQ1tbG54StLJ6SQkJCdDElmTevHmDbQrp/fv38IRhBQb3Xbt2xdqCZGZmwjKjRo2qVasWBKGhodigkF69egUvSkdHR1dXt1WrVlhbkO+//97Y2Hi+BGxQVPDmQ28DPgj2PYyJicGGfODrB0vOmjUL7mHJAr+xigOeITxhWBMPHDgQYvj4sCG3Y8eOsSXFsEFRTZ48WVNT097efuLEieyDePv2LbblxrJe7dq1K1euDAH8NrFBIe3atQve/N69e0+fPh1eIDzhiIgIbMsNfoPwabIPC1SrVg0bRMomuUtav349PHssCIXwIfXs2RMLElhyx4JS0dPTKzq5GxgYiD+VPn36VKpUicUKrmHDhlKTO2yOYEEZQOcOI6GwRo0ahSXBTqKJgLAg+sZOmTIFCwrpw4cPGInAk2czx+YByR1eCxaUEDz5wmZMhI8Svo0shg6Hcr1MWCEZGRlhITdI7v3798dCPmW/QxW2O7799lssiOYGgk1ILJQPycnJ4k1g2LpMS0uDD4YVVQD7nmFBsbFeEjNy5MjCnjZs/0KfHQscBz2sPXv2YEEhse6qmJaW1tmzZ7GgQszNzT9+/IgFCfHx8fBRHjp0iBXhteeIsKLia9OmzZc927JP7tnZ2R07dsQCx7Vr1w6jgsAamImKisIqJccyCPTcWdHCwgLuVWb3MmwOsw1G+Mju3buHtcrA1dVVMtdLgg7+pEmTsMBxs2fPhntlWYHB84TnP3XqVCznBkmE/b60tbUTExOxVrHBKxIIBB4eHmFhYSdOnMBaCY8ePYJ72IBmRZZhUlJSWFFhwesCDx8+9PHxOX36NNbmA+sq9pE1btwYlsdakbJP7qB+/foYSXwGeUhumMD6gI0JYJsyY8NN0JliRdhghPuIiAhWVGpnzpzBD0wohEwBP6oNGzZgm2KDri5kN0iCWM5HX18fI34uZ35PCXwnWVGReXt7w4rW3d0dfj5YJcHe3h4/LaEwJibG2Nh4guQV4RUSPNX169evWrVq7ty58COqWLEiNkh48+YNRhLYji5F9ttvv61evXrcuHGQuAvLiq9fv2afF1iwYAF8uNHR0dgGsKXswHNYu3YtFoRC1r/DQuGmTJmiCE9eFkWPubMMIt7Dw7a/4EfIiopM6ph7Hrq6up06dcKCAoNeEuRu+CCwnA98QMHBwVgQCq9fvw41RSyvINhORRcXFyxL4+DgoKOjgwVlYGtra2hoiAUJ7PoNWBCBomRaVHDwQcB6CwtFgtf1448/YkERxtxh4/e2xGzmeY/mKUSdOnUwUnJs2//t27esyPrs33zzDSuqEugrFTbQoTggEUAHFvp60AnCqnzgVbADSxg24F7E8org2bNnrVu3dnR0lNxbULTq1asrfvdW0sSJEws8I5Idg/vh04XpQ0JC4L6wvrACgu2SIjYi88i11wGTfNlZvHgx/FqwIBQaGRm1b9+exZD0Czsu0MDAADacsaDY8vfc4aPy9fWFDXlWrFKlirgLDCteZeku5e+5p6SkzJs3LzExkRXhe8YCcP/+ffiyHTlyBMsKycfHB57kzp07sSwBPi+2oxuwQVsWg4oVKw4ePBgLCikqKgo27WGzHcsSoDPx4sULFkse0Akx9BbFv0SlAD132ORiMaye4SNjMYDPS3xJ1QYNGihL6mCGDx8uzpDwm5J8XZLYbkhPT08sw6vGf8sOZDp46nXr1t27d2/Hjh3hW/ju3TvWBF8vdtACgKTfv39/+OH9/vvvEMPLYDvBFVlvEXh1sLXIYlbPBgEhFbIiO8Vp69atY8eOheDq1ausXmHBk8yD1cfExEAMPSOIITtAXKNGjT59+rATkrt168YWU0yslwprYvZJMdgmeslPnz7Fgug4d1ix/fnnn40aNYKmjIwMbFBI8JuCJ4kvSWThwoWsaebMmeyMLQDLQB6BDZG1a9fq6urCaxT/EhUTvK5Ro0bBE4acwI5EgO4ga2J7VlkM/vnnHyhOnjx50KBBELx69QobFBI8wwEDBkCu27Ztm42NDRTFvSK22cHi5ORk6AjOnTsXvodsDzlkUdbElMH0A/lBfoetRfhgYANqx44d4r1V69ats7S0ZGdeXLt27fDhw48fP4bYzs5u9erV7EwTRQZPEqNPfv31V7iH1e+mTZugk1uhQgVWHxkZOWTIENgQZuc9skqFBdv4GH3CflqwLQJbWvXr12cfzdu3by9cuAB9Q/hAHRwcatasKVpWQeXk5MD3DQufsM8LwEcJvx/WqwDwSidOnAibI/Db27Vrl4J/FfN/D83NzX/44QcIrly5Al/CLl26QAydPnd39+DgYOiOfPfdd5D0FXysKSAg4I8//vD394cn3KlTJ0dHR/FgC3xF4bWIPz7w8OFD2HaBbAgrAwW/9BtkcMjsbEVlbW29YsUKY2Nj1gT9Qvi+LV26FGL4xsJily5dgm0vtvc7z4WRFSK5E0IIkS+FXjMTQgj5MpTcCSFEBVFyJ0ojKSnp1q1bWCimr/lbSdnZ2eLHuXv3blBQEIsVBzwruvoNAZTcSWmbNWvWkydPsPDJ48eP1dTUUlNTsVwQHx+fzp07Y6GYbt++zXYbgqdPn86fP5/FxVW7du34+HgWDxgwoLDz+IvF0NBw586dWPhqurq64h2/pDyjHaqkDFStWlV83hZTs2bNd+/eFZ3cz5w5M3DgwC/7xiYkJECXtn///hCfO3eOzaXHmmSXmJhobGwsEAjYwYU1atRo1KgROzr+i8GmgJaWlvgx5aJSpUpXr17t0KEDlkm5RD13UgaSkpIyMjKwIBIXF8fO42fCwsIcHR2XLl0aHh6OVQXx8PBYtGhR/inJXr16tWbNmsWLF58+fZol8QoVKrDZ2T58+MAO5bwjAv9RUFAQO8RW7N9//y1wfkEbG5s+ffoUloUfPXoEDwgBrEhYcODAAXh6okZ+xQCvaOPGjewMADFYY8ETY48Jq7fff/994cKFu3fvlpwRBV7CsWPH4KH27t2LVZ8EBgbCu/Trr7/euHEDqzhuzpw5X7yJQ1QHfG8IKWXq6upbt27FglDo5OQEX0Xx9CyDBw+Gop2dXa9evSD46aefWL2np6fkN7Zy5cqQE9nVoCRnrWFHcLdp02bIkCGwiQBZHirZ5HkQQDY0MzODBSxE5s+fz+a/Ff0pgmJ6ejoWJMAjREVFYUEoNDExEf+/y5cvh79irZs3b4bYwMAAXkL79u0hd8N6S0dHZ+jQoXAPT5v9CdOkSRN2ShE7iRc2BYYPH96iRQvxdCKQ5TU0NPT09ODPYftm2LBhrB6wU6jgfxkwYAAsHxsby+phawDqJc8QJuUQJXdSBmxtbSH7YEEorFSpkvj8VTa5UGpqKiuy2ULYqZKSyb1fv34QQxaDmM2Ed/nyZYhvi+Ypgs64aKnPxMmdxeLHYaAoPgkQ+t21a9dmsSTW4xY/MSBO7rAWgQcXz/7Gkrv4jFaIxRdjYZOE+Pj4sCJ7TDaxAazJIE2zeknwt9CEBdGjQbqHALZLIC4sg0OT5HqIlEM0LEPKgJeXF9y/fv0a7iE9QXYTz8Rtb29fq1YtbdGMuwD6udDbZSlbEvSFZ86cyWZIhlwM3WR2fqmjo2O9evWaNm0qWkpWM2bMmDt3LosXLVrk6+vLYklsFZJ/UllLS8urV69mZmbq6upilQg7a5eZNm0aCzQ1NWE1cO3aNVaE/6hChQrwAiGGx/Hz88szlT+sveBdOnr0KATsDalSpYq7uzs0bd++fdCgQQVOcgvgPyrwVZDyg5I7KQOQkiBrs+GX7t27w734AI+UlJRXr15paWlBfmcg+7948YK1iqWnp0N/GQscZ21tHRcXB8Hjx48LnKy8aKtXr4b/lF3AYd++fbC2YPWScgq6Gg6k42fPnkHeh2SKVQVhA0FibNgErFq1ig0rARcXl549e9rY2ED2h20CeGSohGcF9/DmiN8Q2D5g+yHgHRD/bYHyDO6T8oaSOykbzs7OPj4+kIDu3r37119/YS3HQf6CVIgblp9MnDgRmz+BZPfvv/9iQXRVcTYlkampKbv+SbHo6enVqVMH/hc2YlOgunXrwn2eWXBtbW1//PFH+K+/7NDyS5curV27lsWQ09nlTd68eQMrvG+++QZi9qLEc8wx7E/gHSjiil2w/qCjZco5Su6kbLBhkK1bt0J+Hz16NKsEy5cvj4mJkTqTeP369dmgM4CFIyMjR40aBfH8+fMfPnyY51CcPAocyjhy5MjJkyfHjh07bNgwrMqNDQHlOYITuLm5zZ4929DQkG06yA66/JDQ828lVK1a9fDhwxDA/wXJHZaB9QdrkgS5e8uWLZDrsSyBVYpnmyLllKgrQEgZYFdcqVWrFpY/gawEGc3JyenQoUOQwSEXs32VkjtUoWcKy7Ro0eLgwYNVqlSBhMjqATws9GrXrFkDaXf8+PF5jpYB7Gj6Zs2aQR6XPGgHFoB68X7R/GrUqAGrECzkPlqGTUAoebQMqwcQ//HHH1gQ/S9Lly6FYNq0aT179mSVAFZXvXv3hiX37t1rYWEBr5rVBwQEwCNYW1vv27dvz549urq6bIcqgK0cKG7fvh2avv/+e/HRMvAExC+WlFuU3EmZefHiBeTuly9fYlkCJLh27dpBvhswYMCFCxdYZXBwMCzPYgDd8x9++IF14aH7j7Ui0KWFvN+oUSNYgCVc6CZL/m1CQgI7EP7o0aNYJRQOHDgw/4iQpP/++08ya69evRqyLRaEwh07dsADwlrH19dX8v+C+O7du1gQCpcsWcIO7IH8e+vWLVYJQkJCpk+fbmlp2aRJk1mzZsHjYIPokKEJEyY0bNjQysrKw8MDa0UWLVrUuHFjWBnMmDFDPK28np4eO8CflGd0hiohPPghqIsuHs128xbGwMDgzJkz4pkMvhisXaDjXxK/vvj4eNjCgLUd2xAh5RaNuRPCQQff1NRUV1e36MwOYDug6JNmZWRsbFxC/aqbN2+GhYVRZifUcyeEW7BggZ6e3qJFi4o+opEQJULJnRBCVBANyxBCiAqi5E4IISqH4/4PUNfvGS0gUxUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt="" /></p> <p><img src="data:image/png;base64, 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
<p><strong>Introduction:</strong></p><p>In our solar system, material mixing at large scales has been occurred due to the transportation of bodies at different heliocentric distances from the ones they were formed during major dynamical events, such as the giant planet instability. However, material mixing happens also at smaller scales at the surfaces of planets or small bodies during hypervelocity collisions, with the latter population acting as impactors. Since the small bodies in our solar system were formed in different locations and times they have diverse mineralogical composition which is reflected in their albedo values and in their spectral signature.<span>&#160;</span></p><p>The most outstanding discovery of exogenous material was done by the OSIRIS-REx (NASA) and Hayabusa2 (JAXA) sample return space missions on the surfaces of the dark primitive near-Earth asteroids (NEA) Bennu and Ryugu respectively. The impact contamination should have happened while both asteroids were still residing in the inner Main Belt (IMB) before they were delivered to the near-Earth space. This is because of the large number of potential projectiles available and the time that Bennu and Ruygu spent in the IMB. OSIRIS-REx identified bright boulders with pyroxene composition compatible with the spectrum of the V-type asteroid Vesta [1]. Unlike with the contamination on asteroid Ryugu [2], the bright boulders of Bennu point to a unique impactor source, the family of Vesta in the IMB.</p><p><strong>Methods and Results:</strong></p><p>In order to study the impact contamination on Bennu&#8217;s parent body, we performed hypervelocity impact experiments at different speeds. As targets we used CM2 simulant rocks. Following the latest discoveries of the surface properties of asteroid Bennu [3] the new Bennu simulant targets were built with ~50% porosity, advancing from our pioneering work [4]. As impactors we used eucrite meteorite and forsterite olivine projectiles. In this work we demonstrated that eucrite material can be indeed effectively implanted on Bennu-like targets. We will present the experimental campaign using the 2-stage light-gas gun of the University of Kent, the crater analysis, the ejecta production and the material contamination.<span>&#160;</span></p><p><img src="" alt="" /></p><p><strong>Fig 1: </strong>Eucrite projectile is embedded at the bottom of the crater on Bennu simulant material.</p><p><strong>Acknowledgments: </strong>We acknowledge support from the ANR ORIGINS (ANR-18-CE31-13-0014).</p><p><strong>References:<span>&#160;</span></strong></p><p>[1] DellaGiustina D. et al. 2021, <em>Nature Astronomy, </em>5, p. 31-38</p><p>[2] Tatsumi E. et al. 2021, <em>Nature Astronomy, </em>5, p. 39-45</p><p>[3]&#160;Cambioni S. et. al, 2021, <em>Nature, </em>598, Issue 7879, p.49-52</p><p>[4]&#160;Avdellidou C. et al. 2020, <em>Icarus, </em>341, article id. 113648.</p>
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