Life-threatening ‘breakthrough’ cases of critical COVID-19 are attributed to poor or waning antibody response to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in individuals already at risk. Pre-existing autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs underlie at least 15% of critical COVID-19 pneumonia cases in unvaccinated individuals; however, their contribution to hypoxemic breakthrough cases in vaccinated people remains unknown. Here, we studied a cohort of 48 individuals (age 20-86 years) who received 2 doses of an mRNA vaccine and developed a breakthrough infection with hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia 2 weeks to 4 months later. Antibody levels to the vaccine, neutralization of the virus, and auto-Abs to type I IFNs were measured in the plasma. Forty-two individuals had no known deficiency of B cell immunity and a normal antibody response to the vaccine. Among them, ten (24%) had auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs (aged 43-86 years). Eight of these ten patients had auto-Abs neutralizing both IFN-α2 and IFN-ω, while two neutralized IFN-ω only. No patient neutralized IFN-β. Seven neutralized 10 ng/mL of type I IFNs, and three 100 pg/mL only. Seven patients neutralized SARS-CoV-2 D614G and the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) efficiently, while one patient neutralized Delta slightly less efficiently. Two of the three patients neutralizing only 100 pg/mL of type I IFNs neutralized both D61G and Delta less efficiently. Despite two mRNA vaccine inoculations and the presence of circulating antibodies capable of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2, auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs may underlie a significant proportion of hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia cases, highlighting the importance of this particularly vulnerable population.

The modern state governed by the rule of law in the Western legal tradition differs in a number of characteristics (instrumental and substantive), firstly, from its retrospective analogues (for example, the states of the Middle Ages), and secondly, from the understanding and perception of the state in other legal (and cultural) traditions, for example, Islamic. In addition, the process of globalisation and other features of the 21st century require mainly new approaches to understanding the state as a social phenomenon, the relevance of which remains despite significant improvements on this issue in Soviet and Ukrainian legal science. During the Soviet era, one of the most fundamental was the work of V. O. Tenenbaum “The State: a System of Categories” (1971), however, like other works of this period; its content was built on the opposition of the essence of the socialist and bourgeois states. The purpose of this paper is to study the phenomenon of the modern state and analyse the main scientific approaches to understanding its essence. The methodology of this study is an analysis of the main approaches to understanding the modern state, its essential features and the conditions of its establishment. The problems of state activity that are important for the current conditions of its functioning, in particular, the efficiency of the state, are also considered. The features (theories) of the state found in international law are investigated separately. The implementation of the Montevideo Convention of 1933 established the following four characteristics of a state: 1) a permanent population; 2) a designated territory; 3) own government; 4) capacity to enter into relations with the other states. The paper highlights the phenomenon of semi-sovereign states. Special attention is paid to the investigation of the phenomenon of the modern (national) state, which was formed in the era of bourgeois revolutions and how significantly different from previous types of state, such features as the foundation of the state in the territorial cultural space and the nation to which free citizens belong; the transformation of society into a civil society with the principle of equality and prohibition of privileges. Despite significant scientific developments in the study of this problem, the need for further investigation of the essence of this phenomenon is urgent, taking into account the realities of the beginning of the 21st century.

Стаття присвячена аналізу законодавчого забезпечення реформуванню поліцейських сил в Чеській Республіці. Особливу увагу приділено напрямам реформування поліції, які знайшли відображення в законодавстві. Дослідження реформи поліцейських сил у державах Центральної Європи і, зокрема, в Чеській Республіці є актуальним завданням, виходячи з низки аргументів. Перше, реформа поліції в Україні, яку було розпочато після Революції гідності 2014 р., потребує врахування досвіду реформаторських зусиль у тих державах, які успішно провели подібні реформи і Чеська Республіка належить до таких країн. Друге, серед багатьох аспектів реформи у цьому напрямі важливим є акцент на створення якісного законодавства, яке би створило основи для ефективної діяльності поліції, з одного боку, а, з іншого – забезпечило безумовне дотримання прав людини. Зроблено висновок, що вектор реформи поліції в цій державі відбувався у декілька етапів, протягом яких поліцейські сили набували нової якості поліцейської служби в державі, заснованій на верховенстві права. Об'єктивно відповідні ключові показники містилися у вимогах Європейського Союзу, підготовка до вступу до якого передбачала активне й цілеспрямоване реформування поліції на основі цих стандартів. Крім того, зміст і предмет законодавства Чеської Республіки щодо поліції може стати в нагоді для вітчизняного законодавця у таких аспектах як: а) організація поліцейської діяльності; б) окреслення спеціальних повноважень поліції; в) статусу поліцейських.

This article is aimed at exploring the methodology of the legal phenomenon. Particular attention was paid to such aspects as clarifying the main approaches to understanding the methodology and how it relates to the research methodology; study of the scope and structure of the concept of methodology; outlining the main research methods. The author draws conclusions from the results of the study. First, the methodology for the study of legal phenomena needs to be updated based on a change in the legal paradigm associated with the understanding of law (relation to the state and its functions) and the formation of legal reality at the beginning of the 21st century both at national and international level. the legal aspect. Secondly, the current methodology of legal research continues to be in the co-ordinates of an important dilemma regarding the correlation of "purely" legal research methods and so-called "interdisciplinary" approaches. Third, the methodological tools (specific research methods) of legal science remain inexhaustible in content and, in particular, in the possible combinations of their application to achieve a cognitive result. The extension of their catalog is influenced by the development of jurisprudence and other sciences, their epistemological components, and the processes of globalization and internationalization of legal life. Concerning the optimal research methodology (as opposed to its methodology), it should be noted that in the course of legal research the algorithm of actions is as follows: 1) selection of the research coordination center; 2) literature review; 3) hypothesis formulation; 4) research design; 5) data collection; 6) data analysis; 7) interpretation of data; report. Of course, it should be borne in mind that law is not in a vacuum, it operates in a complex social context. It reflects and controls attitudes and behaviors. However, as these rules are also temporal and spatial, that is, they change with time and space, it is desirable that law can adapt and be dynamic to cope with change. Important is the social audit of law (law) in order to identify the distance between the legal ideal and social reality, as well as to find out the reasons that led them. After all, legal research is a systematic understanding of law in order to improve it and, given that law operates in society, in the process they influence one another.

Статтю присвячено аналізу моделі конституційної скарги в Україні. Особливу увагу приділено розкриттю конституційного регулювання права на конституційну скаргу, а також положенням закону «Про Конституційний Суд України» з цього питання. Зроблено висновки щодо специфіки моделіконституційної скарги в Україні, зокрема, що «частково нормативна» модель конституційної скарги за своїм потенціалом може бути ефективним інструментом захисту гарантованих Конституцією України прав людини за умови результативної діяльності Конституційного Суду України.