a b s t r a c tThe energy sector is the largest contributor to gross domestic product (GDP), income, employment, and government revenue in both developing and developed nations. But the energy sector has a significant environmental footprint due to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Efficient production, conversion, and use of energy resources are key factors for reducing the environmental footprint. Hence it is necessary to understand energy flows from both the supply and the demand sides. Most energy analyses focus on improving energy efficiency broadly without considering the aggregate energy flow. We developed Sankey diagrams that map energy flow for both the demand and supply sides for the province of Alberta, Canada. The diagrams will help policy/decision makers, researchers, and others to understand energy flow from reserves through to final energy end uses for primary and secondary fuels in the five main energy demand sectors in Alberta: residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and transportation. The Sankey diagrams created for this study show total energy consumption, useful energy, and energy intensities of various end-use devices. The Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) model is used in this study. The model showed that Alberta's total input energy in the five demand sectors was 189 PJ, 186 PJ, 828.5PJ, 398 PJ, and 50.83 PJ, respectively. On the supply side, the total energy input and output were found to be 644.84 PJ and 239 PJ, respectively. These results, along with the associated energy flows were depicted pictorially using Sankey diagrams. The Sankey diagrams reveal the current efficiencies within various end-use sectors and could help identify options for improving energy efficiency in order to reduce GHG emissions.

This study was conducted to identify energy efficiency improvement options and assess these opportunities in terms of potential of energy savings and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation for the commercial and institutional sector. In addition, associated GHG abatement cost (GHGAC) curves were developed. A western Canadian province, Alberta, was selected for a case study. A model was developed in the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning system (LEAP) with 23 energy efficiency improvement scenarios associated with space heating and cooling, lighting, auxiliary equipment, and water heating in the commercial and institutional sector. The scenarios analyzed in this study quantified the reduced demand in energy use and GHG emissions as well as the abatement costs for fast (2013-2030) and slow (2013-2050) penetration periods. Ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) and efficient boilers for space heating, efficient lighting, and highinsulation in building envelopes are identified as having significant potential for GHG mitigation and have low abatement costs. A cumulative GHG mitigation of 28 Mt and 55 Mt is achievable in the fast and slow penetration scenarios in the sector, respectively.

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