The first step in establishing measurement uniformity in spectrophotometry is the realization of a versatile, fully evaluated and documented measurement system, which may, after metrological validation, be upheld as the primary spectrophotometric standard. In this paper, the development and realization of the spectrophotometer—primary standard in the Laboratory for Photometry of Bureau of Measures and Precious Metals—are presented. The construction of the system, as well as its metrological characterization, is shown. Evaluation of systematic errors due to various influential quantities and physical effects, such as light beam geometry effects, inter-reflections, nonlinearities and others, is presented. The results of measurements of spectral transmittance made with neutral optical filters and the evaluation of total measurement uncertainty are presented. Validation of the results was preformed according to National Institute for Standards and Technologies (NIST) certified standards of spectral transmittance.

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Scattering of optical photons from the view of parallel methods related to absorption, scattering, fluorescence, reflection with inclusion of the polarization states of laser beams from experiment and theory give many possibilities for obtaining indirect data on material, processes, and dynamics. As a method with minimal perturbations, if low power beams are involved, certain type of data is provided. In fundamental dependences of various material properties, many phenomenological and basic laws are covered. Several coupled variables, primarily with the processes of scattering, pointing out further possibilities for linking the obtained theoretical or experimental results were presented. By including simulations, this associates with biological environments / variables for properties equivalent to defined tissues, cells, and characteristics. Along with selected formalisms including Stokes vectors and scattering matrices, a biological cell as an object can be monitored in time and influence of various environments could be predicted. Connecting Kerr’s effect with depolarization and scattering makes the complete description of molecule possible. Angular scattering observation with experimental possibilities gives the fastest practical data. This enables interpretation of E. coli with the application of Stokes vector formalisms. A relatively small number of material constants for many simulation cases could give draft estimation, but the experiment depends on the measuring devices and samples. The necessary symmetries showing the size of the scattering centers are analyzed, with the scattering data for some liquids (known / less known). From measured data, depolarization could be calculated, and with refractive index (molar refraction) connection with Kerr effect/ birefringence for selected solutions and behavior of molecules could be monitored. From the experimental Rayleigh factors, cross section (apparent/ effective) and attenuation coefficients for pure liquids were calculated. An approach for the correct assessment of the measurement uncertainty in the process of calibration of polyethylene samples was used.

Aromatic plants and laser beam wavelength in the red range of visible spectra (623.8 nm), most commonly used for treating plant species, were selected. As there is not much information in the references, it is necessary to set a scale with qualitative and partially quantitative evaluations of the results. Specimens of thyme seed (Thymus vulgaris) were selected as aromatic plants for studying the effect of low-power lasers on plant development, and continuous He-Ne laser, with irradiation times in the range of minutes.

IZVOD UVODMolekularne reakcije između hlorofila i drugih membrana tilakoide, najviše su proučavane za komplekse tipa donori-akceptori elektrona; interakcija spoljašnjih lanaca hlorofila: fitil grupe i drugi konstituenti membrane nisu mnogo analizirani. Zato je od interesa praćenje fitola u organskim rastvaračima sa različitim dužinama ugljenikovog lanca. Rasejanje svetlosti u obe varijante (statičkoj i dinamičkoj), može da bude jedna od korisnih metoda. Ovo posebno važi, ako se radi o poređenjima raznih ponašanja, a ne samo o apsolutnim vrednostima merenja. Jedan od prilaza analize je putem formalizаma za razdvajanje doprinosa različite prirode, različitih tipova fluktuacija. Tu se posmatraju prividne anizotropije materijala u rastvoru i čistih materijala. Cilj razmatranja je vezan za dalju primenu rasejanja u prisustvu konstituenata membrane / digalaktozodilinoleinski glicerid ili u karotenoidima. Dalje bi sledilo ispitivanje uticaja osvetljenja i doziranih ozračava-nja koherentnom svetlošću i ispitivanje hlorofila u raznim jedinjenjima. Postepen tretman je potreban zbog kompeksnosti i krhkosti horofila, cena proizvoda i potrebe za specijalnim tehničkim podrškama 1-4, slika 1. Jedan prilaz rasejanju o tečnosti može da se koristi direktno za interpretaciju čistih jedinjenja, razblaženih rastvora, plazma sredina i aproksimativno za koncentrovane rastvore. Ovo je moguće, ako se uvedu korekcije na interno polje u izraze, koji se dobijaju putem termodinamičkih i statističkih posmatranja rasejanja molekula (atoma). Anizotropija čistih tečnosti se računa po korekcijama, koje je godinama formirao niz autora 5-8,