IntroductIonCerebrovascular disorders are pathologic condition of the blood vessels in the brain (Smith-1983). Epidemiology originally signified the study of epidemics, but it is now used more broadly for the study of groups: Epi = among; demos = people; logos = study. India is a vast country with diverse geographic variation. It would be interesting and highly educative to study the epidemiology of stroke in such a diverse group.Unfortunately in India, epidemiological information on annual incidence, prevalence rates, morbidity and mortality trends in well-defined populations is not available. Most of the data published is from a retrospective analysis of subjects admitted to urban medical hospitals though the majority of Indian population lives in small towns and villages. Some of the studies lack proper stroke terminology and baseline investigations.Despite these limitations, analysis of data collected from major urban hospitals suggests that nearly 2% of all hospital admissions; 4-5% of medical and 20% of neurological admission have cardiovascular disease (CVD). The incidence of stroke in the young (<40 years of age) is high (13-32%) when compared to similar data from the west. Many studies on the epidemiology of stroke in India are deficient with respect to randomization of data, making comparison difficult between them. Data show prevalence of CVD in the range of 52-843/100,000 population.Background: Over the past decades there has been increase demand of audiological complaints coinciding with neurological impairments due to cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs). Most of the cases represent inconsistent responses to acoustic stimuli or total lack of response to sound, documented as auditory agnosia. Aim: The present investigation aims at understanding of potential anatomical co-relates to the involvement of the cortical structure and the processing of auditory stimuli. Materials and Methods: A case series with convenient sampling method included eight cases (six male and two female) with age range 45-55 years with CVA, were taken for this study. Of them two cases were found with lesion in right middle cerebral artery, four cases with left middle cerebral artery and two cases with left posterior cerebral artery lesion confirmed from magnetic resonance imaging scan. Audiological test battery including otoscopy, tuning fork test, pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry, immittance audiometry, dichotic-diotic listening test, auditory brainstem responses, otoacoustic emissions and gap detection tests were carried out including routine ENT evaluation. Results and Conclusion: Result suggests; there is a significant difference in hearing threshold and speech perception in all the eight subjects. The findings and compromised vascular anatomy in all these cases were discussed in this article.

Phonological skills development is one of the basic foundations before language mastery of a child. Similarly, morphological skills development in children is a basic link between cognitive language functions and literacy, which also makes a unique contribution to vocabulary growth and acquisition. To test phonological and morphological abilities or skills, testing tool should be available in the native language of the speaker or the participant. Translated versions of different such tests may not yield similar results for a typical developing child compared to the native speaker age matched child, tested on the original test. Therefore, such tests or tools are warranted to be constructed in the native language of the speaker. The formation of test procedures in a language is essential for testing different psycholinguistic abilities and testing hypotheses regarding normal development and patterns of development related to various disorders. Odia is one of the alphasyllabic languages of the Indic group of the Indo-European family, with unique features of few phonemes, morphophonemic and morphosyntactic rules, dissimilar to its sister languages. Very few and limited studies exist on the development pattern of acquisition of linguistic skills (specifically phonology and morphological skills) in Odia language in general and specifically the lexical and conceptual levels in Odia language. The present study reports on the development and standardization of stimuli as a part of PhD research, aiming at developing a screening test to assess phonological and morphological abilities in Odia speaking individuals. The test stimuli include words, non-words, segments of words, sentences and synthetically modified words, targeted to measure fifteen different subtests in the area of phonology and morphology, like syllable segmentation, word blending, morphological closure etc. Development of the test stimuli included preparation of initial word lists for familiarity testing by 10 adults (25-35 years) and 10 children 10-12 years), preparation of test stimuli like words, non-words, sentences, word pairs, modified words and presentation to pilot subjects (12 sub-groups of typically developing children and one adult group), twice with an interval of one month. The two data obtained from the pilot sub-groups compared and scores were analysed to check test-retest reliability. Summary: The analysis indicated a clear internal consistency and therefore the stimuli were finalized to be used for the main data collection to develop a screening test in assessing these abilities in Odia-speaking children. Key words: Stimuli, Familiarity, Phonological abilities, Morphological abilities, Odia language

The aging population is gaining attention in nations due to higher living standards and better health care and serene life. This trend may cause a threat to society in the long run with physical and many psychological issues. This budding Group needs to be taken care of by all the professionals to diagnose and manage multifunctional issues. One of them is the cognitive issue, found in Aging, replicating a few symptoms of the neurological impaired population. This study is a part of my Ph.D. work, attaining the difference in WRITING SKILLS in the elderly and impaired populations. This subtest is a part of the BDAE-R short form test. The population included 3 Groups i.e. 60-70 years, 70-80years and cognitively impaired Group. The raw scores were subjected to the non-parametric test, for the total variance in the scores of WRITING subtests on BDAE-R. Summary: Result significantly represented a difference in a few subtests, however, the variance in WRITING was more prominent in terms of letter choice and motor facility. Key words: BDAE-R, Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination- Revised Form