Introduction Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is a clinical entity, caused due to retrograde flow of gastric content into the larynx. It imposes great diagnostic challenge to clinicians because of lack of specific symptoms, signs and validated tool. Reflux Finding Score (RFS) has been proposed for clinical diagnosis of LPR. Inter observer reliability of RFS tool was found out using two independent observers Materials and Methods  In this Cross sectional study, ninety LPR subjects were subjected to 90° rigid endoscopic examination of larynx and RFS scores were calculated by two observers. Inter observer reliability of RFS was calculated using Kappa value. Results  Most commonly observed laryngeal findings were erythema/hyperemia, posterior commissure hypertrophy, and vocal fold edema. Subglottic edema, thick endolaryngeal mucus and erythema had fair agreement. Conclusion There was a poor agreement between observers for total RFS score. The variables like subglottic edema, erythema/hyperemia, and thick endolaryngeal mucus showed fair agreement between the raters. The findings of diffuse laryngeal edema and posterior commissure hypertrophy showed poor inter rater reliability.

Background Head injury most commonly occur following road traffic accidents. Often hearing loss and other otological injuries are missed in view of serious head injury or other visible bodily injuries, leading to delayed recognition of problems. There is a need for early clinical and radiological indicators which can predict adverse outcome. Early diagnosis of otological injury during initial evaluation of the head injury has given some clues regarding the severity of hearing outcomes and such correlation has been attempted in this study. Two-year cross-sectional study involving head injury patients with radiological evidence of temporal bone fracture were assessed for hearing impairment. Results Thirty-seven patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria were assessed. Fifty-one percent patients had conductive hearing loss. 35.14% of the patients had involvement of mastoid, external auditory canal, and middle ear involvement. A weakly positive correlation was noted between otic capsule sparing fracture and hearing loss. (R value + 0.2064). Conclusion Weak correlation was observed between temporal bone sub-site classification and severity of hearing loss in otic capsule sparing temporal bone fractures.

Introduction  Nasal obstruction is implicated in the etiopathogenesis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). OSA is associated with mean heart rate (HR) variations in wakefulness and in sleep. Early intervention has proven to reduce cardiovascular morbidity in OSA patients. In spite of various confounding factors HR measurement has been utilised as an independent predictor of mortality. The influence of severity of nasal obstruction on HR has not been studied in the literature. This study aims to clarify the influence of severity of nasal obstruction on HR. Materials and Methods We examined 55 patients aged less than 50 years with no previous cardiac complaints, who underwent overnight oxygen saturation and HR monitoring. The patients were divided into Mild, Moderate and Severe Nasal Obstruction group depending on NOSE scale grading. Results There was no statistically significant difference in the Mean HR, Min HR, Max HR, and Max-Min HR in mild, moderate or severe nasal obstruction groups. Discussion The role of nasal obstruction in Obstructive Sleep Apnoea and the importance of HR as predictor of cardiovascular morbidity have been discussed. The studies on the heart rate in nasal obstruction and OSA were reviewed. Conclusion Nasal obstruction does not influence the heart rate.