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The development of optical fibers from attenuation and absorption of fiber material for efficiency and quality has produced several positive results. However, several natural negative factors and environmental errors cause problems such as birefringence and dispersion mode variations. This article therefore proposed a simulation of birefringence and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) to investigate the emergence of interference and efforts towards finding a solution to the problem of optical fiber. Moreover, a single-mode fiber was investigated at the core refractive index and cladded with a core radius and fixed sample for a wavelength of infrared regimes. The performance of fibers was also evaluated through the determination of the PMD value of the fibers. The simulation results showed the difference observed in birefringence produced the power affecting the output. Meanwhile, the PMD also produced the light waves discovered to be experiencing widening pulses in the cladding.

Honey is a natural sweet substance which is often mixed with other liquids for health purposes or as a sugar substitute in variety of food. Due to high commercial profit, many fraudulent acts have been around to add other substances to pure honeys. This study used two spectroscopic methods which are the laser induced fluorescence (LIF) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to differentiate pure and corn syrup adulterated honeys based on sugar content. LIF used a 405 nm diode laser as the excitation laser. Samples of 27 were prepared for this study. They composed of 15 pure honey and 2 non honeys, and 10 adulterated honeys which we coded from A to Q.. Non honey samples were pure date syrup and corn syrup which coded as K and L. The sugar contents were measured manually using a brix refractometer which resulted the honey sugar contents range of 69.5 % to 78 %. The peak wavelengths observed range from There is R2 = 0.80 correlation between peak wavelength of fluorescence colours to sugar contents. The results showed that the peak wavelengths range from 490.9 nm to 641.3 nm. LIF was able to differentiate between the pure honeys than the adulterated or mixed ingredient honeys except for sample C. The differences of FTIR spectrums were shown by honey samples which was not given corn syrup adulteration, where the difference begins to be seen clearly at the wave number range 1150 cm−1 to 650 cm−1.

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Today the need for electrical energy has increased due to the large number of electronic devices that require high electrical energy. To overcome this, a large storage of electrical energy is needed. One of the constituents of energy storage devices that is very important is the electrode. This study used nipah fibers as the basic material for electrodes, because the potential of nipah fruit has not been widely used. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of KOH activator on the quality of activated carbon from nipah fruit fibers using variations of KOH activator concentrations 0.2 M, 0.3 M, and 0.4 M with sample codes SBN-02, SBN-03, and SBN-04. The manufacture of activated carbon electrodes is carried out through a process of precarbonization, chemical activation, carbonization, and physical activation. Characterization of TGA resulted in a resistant temperature of 296°C with a maximum speed of 0.166mg/min. XRD analysis produced a semicrystalline diffraction pattern consisting of two peaks around 24° and 44° at an angle of 2θ indicating the orientation of the hkl ( 002) and ( 001) planes.