Bites have been found in cases of homicide, attempted suicide, sexual assault, and child abuse Bite marks with high evidentiary value that can be used in comparisons with the suspects' teeth will include marks from specific teeth that accurately record distinct traits. This article explores the scientific basis of bite mark evidence. Each person has a unique dental arrangement and that these unique features are sufficiently replicated in a bite mark to identify an individual to the exclusion of all others. Before examination, it is pertinent to separate the dental uniqueness used in dental identifications from the uniqueness of human bite marks. Such characteristics include fractures, rotations, attritional wear, malformations, etc. When these are recorded in the injury it may be possible to compare them to identify the specific teeth that caused the injury. This article aims to address the forensic aspects of bite marks evidence from the crime scene.

Background Saliva is the most common biological evidence found at any crime scene next to blood. It is a clear liquid which makes it immune to any possible evidence of alteration by the perpetrator. In forensics, saliva is used as biological evidence and is very helpful in determining various aspects of an individual such as sex, individuality, ABO blood groups, microbial signature, biomarkers, or habits like smoking. Main body Saliva shares a great resemblance with plasma as it encompasses similar organic or inorganic compound contents. In forensic casework, identifying any evidence is the primary goal to establish the groundwork for further investigation. Saliva may be found in the form of a pool or stained form, but its identification is challenging because of its transparency. It has been widely used as an informative tool in forensic situations like poisoning, hanging, or cases of drug abuse, etc. for more than two decades now. Over the years, many proposed ways or methods have been identified and described, which helped in the detection and identification of saliva as evidence. Conclusion This review article represents the significance of saliva as important forensic evidence, along with the different forms it may be encountered at the crime scene. The use of diverse collection and detection methods, over the past few decades, has been discussed. An attempt has been made to collect the available data, highlighting the merit and demerits of different identification techniques. The relevant data has been collected from all the published and reported literature (1987–2021).