Coronavirus pandemic or COVID-19 is a global public health emergency at this period. Presently, no pharmacological treatment is known to treat this condition. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), a derivative of chloroquine (CQ), was first synthesized in 1946 by adding a hydroxyl group to CQ, which is much less toxic than CQ in animal studies. Other than being an anti-malarial drug, it was revealed to have various pharmacological effects and one of those is its anti-viral property. CQ, as well as HCQ, has been used in SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) coronavirus infection due to its antiviral properties. Even though various scientists have considered HCQ as a better therapeutic approach than CQ for the treatment of coronavirus infection, there are various adverse drug reactions associated with HCQ treatment in COVID-19 patients. In this paper, we review the anti-viral mechanism, various adverse drug reactions, and side effects of HCQ for COVID-19 treatment.

The hyphenation of ultra-performance liquid performance (UPLC) with mass spectroscopy (MS) has emerged as a powerful tool in analytical research due to its advanced sensitivity, resolution and speed. Its advanced instrumentation, specialized columns, separation at ultra-high pressure and sophisticated software are the distinguishing features as compared to the traditional separating techniques. It has a wide range of applications in various fields such as analysis of food stuffs, drug metabolites, beverages, toxicology, soil samples and micronutrient analysis. In the present compilation, authors have highlighted the applicability of UPLC-MS in the analysis of food stuffs and drug metabolites along with various optimized analytical conditions and obtained results.

Background: Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is one of the powerful analytical techniques of the modern time. Recently, extensive analytical work has been reported and is in progress by utilizing the advanced features of SFC. Low solvent consumption, high sensitivity and solvent recovery make it advantageous over the traditional liquid chromatographic techniques. It utilizes supercritical fluids having properties of both liquid and gases making the applicability of this technique to wider range of analytes. Methods: Various research reports were collected from search engines like Sciencedirect, Pubmed, Researchgate and Google Scholar. Further upon through study of these reports, significant findings/data was collected and compiled under suitable headings. Important parameters/conditions utilized in methodologies were depicted with the help of tables. Results: It was found in various reports that SFC and its hyphenation with mass spectroscopy (MS), ultra violet spectroscopy (UV), high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), photo diode array detector (PDA), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), charged aerosol detector (CAD) etc. have made possible to quantify analytes even in ultra small concentrations in complex matrices. These techniques have been successfully employed for the quantification of a wide variety of analytes with excellent accuracy, selectivity and sensitivity. Conclusion: The present review highlights the recent applications of SFC techniques in various analytical fields such as pesticide analysis, vitamin analysis, enantioseparation, lipid analysis, drug metabolite estimation, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and steroid analysis. Reports from 2017 to 2020 have been included in this compilation.

Background: Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a well established technique for the structural elucidation of simple as well complex molecules. It has wide applications in the qualitative as well as quantitative determination of proteins in different samples. It provides a clear picture of primary, secondary or tertiary structure of a protein. Infrared radiations are used to assess different vibrational modes which arise from variations in the structural components of a protein. Methods: Various research reports were collected from search engines like Sciencedirect, Pubmed, Researchgate and Google Scholar. These were further studied thoroughly and important findings/data were compiled and represented with the help of tables and figures. The procured data which includes band width, frequency and intensity has been employed to elucidate the structure of a protein. Results: It was found from various reports that fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) has been widely utilized for prediction of secondary structure of protein in the past few years. FTIR has the ability to trace out various structural modifications in the protein structure which arise due to interactions with other materials. It is also evident it can be utilized to quantify the proteins in variety of samples. Conclusion: The present review describes the basic principle and the instrumentation of IR spectroscopy along with its advancements. Beyond this, various applications of this technique in determination of protein structure and quantification in different materials such as foods stuffs, biotechnological products and biological fluids have also been summarized.