Background: Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) or de Morsiers’s syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by optic nerve hypoplasia, hypothalamic-pituitary axis hypoplasia, and midline abnormalities of the brain, agenesis of septum pellucidum and corpus callosum. Initially, it was described in 1941 by Reeves and further discussed by the French-Swiss neurologist de Morsier in 1956. The phenotype of SOD is highly heterogeneous, and the existence of at least two features is considered sufficient for diagnosis. Objective: The aim is to emphasize the importance of including SOD in the differential diagnosis of young patients, presenting with strabismus, especially if very low vision is documented in one or both eyes. Case report: In this case, a 13-year-old male presented to our institution with a complaint of deviating left eye outwards in the last few years. During the examination, left eye exotropia, as well as low visual acuity (light perception) of the left eye were documented. The findings of the right eye were normal and visual acuity was 1.0. Magnetic resonance imaging, optical coherence tomography, and fundus photography revealed optic nerve, brain midline, and retinal abnormalities. The patient was diagnosed as having SOD with optic nerve hypoplasia, septum pellucidum agenesis, and hypothalamic-pituitary axis hypoplasia. Conclusion: Although SOD is not curable, many aspects of this syndrome can be improved through a multidisciplinary approach consisting of hormonal replacement, corrective ophthalmological surgery, as well as neuropsychological treatment, and support if necessary.

Background: The main causes of severe vision loss and blindness in Europe are age-related retinal diseases, particularly age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic eye disease (DED), and a host of vascular conditions. Both the prevalence and incidence of severe vision loss are expected to increase in territories where life expectancy is increasing. Objective: The aim of this study is to estimate the current prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and the most common risks for its development in the city of Sarajevo, a Capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods: This retrospective single center study included 205 diabetic patients from the city of Sarajevo who attended the regular ophthalmological examination at the Specialty Eye Hospital Svjetlost, in a branch located in the city center, from August 2021 to August 2022. Patients underwent a complete medical assessment by ophthalmology specialists. The retinal examination included an evaluation of the presence of diabetic retinopathy. Any retinopathy present was graded as mild non-proliferative retinopathy, moderate-severe non-proliferative retinopathy, or proliferative retinopathy (PDR). Results: Retinopathy was present in 40.49 % of patients included in this study; 13.17 % had the mild form of diabetic retinopathy, 7.80 % had the moderate-severe form, and 19.51 % had a proliferative form of diabetic retinopathy. The mean duration of diabetes diagnosis was 11.12 years overall, 11.74 years in men, and 10.22 in women. Macular edema was present in 38.55% of patients with retinopathy, 6.02 % in patients with mild form, 8.43 % in patients with moderate-severe form, and 24.09 % in patients with PDR. Conclusion: The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Sarajevo is relatively high, and the most common is a severe form of the disease. Regular diabetic retinopathy screening in primary healthcare services and hospital eye services is highly recommended for the timely prevention of visual impairment and blindness.

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